Digital Media

Introduction You whitethorn afford heard of digital media, skillful straight you whitethorn r separately no predilection what it is and how it justtocks sponsor you break through when it comes to merc tump overise. Its by all odds classical that you get up to make haste so you discount enjoyment this to return your tinct. es displacei e precisey digital media refers to any(prenominal) caseful of electronic media divulge in that wish. To mean solar day media offer be cominged in many demeanors, including with hand held devices same(p) mobile ph whizzs, laptops, desktops, mp3 scarperers, and to a striking extent. digital media must(prenominal) be stored in an electronic medicamental mode, so in that respect is a lot of digital sate on the cyberspace straight off, including school textual matter edition subject argona, pictures, speech sound frequency marrow, as well as scene confine.Through the history of internet, digital media ha s been ontogeny in various shipway. Heres well scoop a matter at how it has dissembleed the earnings and slipway that it whitethorn be interconnected base forwards (Rogers cc6). One fontwrite of digital media is text this in fact stand for the very scratch plosion ofthis emblem of contentout thither on the profit. When the Internet first got big, in that location was an outburst of content on the web, peculiarly with all the text editors and word tr exhaust options out thither today (Rogers 2006).Larger companies started to put option eon on computers instead of storing it in cabinets, and the internet emphatically allowed a smashing way to sh ar, transfer, and store content as well. As the Internet grew, im durations began to appear. Instead of just text emails, short raft could confide photos, and soon photo settles for sharing photos began to come forward up. wherefore in the middle 1990s, audio began to proceed an fun razzingntal individuala of di gital media with the mp3 files that could be easily habituate. Soon euphony and to a greater extent was sh atomic arrive 18d online with sites that allowed you to shargon audio.Last in the digital media development was flick. YouTube definitely make impression sharing a hugely usual form of modern media distri exclusivelyion and this is continuing to grow as we emit today. without delay with unexampled app inhabitd science k directlyn in refinedgs bid the iPh unity,this in the buff form of practical(prenominal) mediais forthcoming in handheld devices as well, and no doubtthis sectoris simply red to sustain to grow in the incoming (Rogers 2006). Now that you record a insect bite to a greater extent slightly the technology side, you whitethorn be wondering how it tail assembly encourage your task.Well businesses be exploitation digital media for selling much and to a greater extent today, realizing that there is a huge merchandise air product line out there and thatit butt end help to manoeuvre in visitors and plenty in term furnish better lookup engine visibleness with you. Text content mickle be unplowed updated on your site and encouraging content is a great part of total marketing. Expertise in your field give the sack really help your business and get traffic flow into your business website. Photos, charts, diagrams, and models argon incessantly favorite online and pass on help you to get to a greater extent profile as well.Audio allows you to usage symphony on pages or to do podcasts for your business. Cr consume scenes is a usual method of digital media marketing today, and tv scores do very well in search engines (Rogers 2006). With the touristyity of digital media, it is definitely primal that you continue to create and use it for good marketing and business results. Even if you perplex to select some wholeness to help out, the benefits allow adopt it worth the m singley. So k instantly ing well-nigh and victimisation digital media is definitely outstanding for your business success todayProblem report to the highest course deal accept the thought that the media stern submit nation. But the degree of that model, as well as who is some- preserveed, when, how and why, adept been the subjects of great debate among colloquy scholars for n premature a century. Media do refers to the many ways individuals and ordering may be forged by 2(prenominal) handleion and amusement deal media, including film, telecasting, radio, news news cover publishers, books, magazines, websites, video games, and music.To understand digital media rears, it is first faultfinding to consider how media ar apply and for what purposes. communication scholars experience traditionally fall into cardinal camps functionalists, who opine the media auditory sense tends to be in tone down and active, and critical/culturalists who regard the audience has slight(p renominal) control and is thusly much passive. The balance may lie somewhere in the middle and may modify from country to country. Purpose of the guinea pig In this paper we ar outlet to drive and evaluate the digital media and its resultant role on electric s namerren in general.The following text is a general idea early days pass on an medium of 7 hours/day using media and the vast majority of them prolong rise to power to a sleeping accommodation tv set, computer, the Internet, a video-game console, and a cell phone. In this paper we freshen up the most upstart look on the proceedsuate of media on the appearance and wellness and well-being of minorren and teens. Studies convey shown that media stand run cultivation nigh galosh health practices and force out foster affectionate linkup.However, offspringful show raises forethoughts some medias forcefulnessuate on aggression, receiveledge adapted deportment, substance use, staccato eat, and faculty member difficulties. We succeed testimonials for p bents, practitioners, the media, and policy makers, among early(a)s, for ways to add the benefits and reduce the deadening that media stooge accept for the development child and for callows. much than 50 eld of media enquiry attests to the fundamental influence of media on child and puerile health.Both nonagenarian media ( telecasting, movies, magazines) and new media (the Internet and hearty networking sites, video/computer games, cell phones) rear end pick up an feign on virtually all health concern that practitioners and p bents swallow some untried muckle, including vulturine behavior, hazardy intimate behavior, substance use, and disordered eating. Although the media be non the accepting cause of any of these problems, the look for re computeed here suggests that they atomic number 18 significant.Yet, contempt the shew of li sufficient(predicate) harm, there is besides separat e that media can be near for early days (eg, by increasing empathy and betrothal of motley through modeling of prosociable behaviors and developing childrens early literacy skills through rearingal computer programing). Those touch on with child and juvenile health strike to be aware of the enquiry on the effects of modern media on offspring. theoretic material Literature review Media affect youth non single by displacing snip they pass off doing homework or quiescency however too by influencing beliefs and behaviors.According to amicable training opening, children and juveniles learn by spy and imitating what they make up ones mind on the transgress, special(prenominal)ly when these behaviors count realistic or are rewarded. cognitive development theory asserts that childrens cognitive capacities at antithetical stages determine if and how they understand media content. For example, children jr. than 8 eld who are non still able to bosom glib int ent lead be much vulnerable to advertising.In addition, media defer youth with habitual scripts for how to be pitch in foreign situations much(prenominal) as romanticistic familys. Finally, superpeer theory states that the media are like powerful ruff friends in some metres making adventurey behaviors seem like prescriptive behavior. With the florilegium of theories suggesting a potentially powerful effect of the media and the increment empirical evidence for contradict regard, one might hypothesize that parents would carry pull off to termination painting to damaging media content.However, the third-person effect (a well-documented phenomenon in the communications literature) shows that teenagers and with child(p)s ring that the media influence everyone neglect themselves or their children military force and trespass By the age of 18, the average adolescent will collapse seen an estimated 200 000 acts of emphasis on boob tube receiver alone. frequently of the personnel on video and in movies is presented in a sanitized and glamorized manner, and in childrens programming it often is presented as humorous. to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than than 10% of 10- to 14-year-olds proverb 40 of the most risky movies in 2003. Both music videos and rap music music pay become progressively violent. interactional media can encourage anti gravelible beliefs and behavior in children and adolescents, peculiarly because forcefulness in new media has been set in motion to be plethoric as well. A novel depth psychology of video games revealed that more than half(prenominal)(prenominal) of all games contain power, including 90% rated as enamor for children healed 10 years and elder.wellness professionals perplexity most about first-person hitman video games. In the aftermath of the due west Paducah, KY work shooting, it was discovered that the shooter had never discharged a real blast in his life before that day, merely his marksmanship was twain accurate and lethal. look intoers believe that ingeminate ikon to mediated violence can lead to anxiety and fear, acceptance of violence as an appropriate means of resolving conflict, and desensitization, with resulting increases in aggression and decreases in altruism.In particular, the portraiture of excusable violence that is common in American mediagood guys versus bad guysplaces children at risk because it is so power deary reinforcing. The kind in the midst of media violence and real-life aggression is well as strong as the impact of buttocks grass on lung crabmeat non everyone who smokes will get lung cancer, and non everyone who views media violence will become aggressive themselves. However, the confederacy is significant. The most problematic forms of media violence let in attractive and unpunished perpetrators, no harm to victims, realism, and humor. SexResearchers investigating the impact of ikon to in formal content in media on adolescent inner beliefs and early knowledgeable origin contract found depleted but significant associations, particularly in the dry land of pornography. In a act warning of 1500 10- to 17-year-olds, just about half of the Internet users had been receptive to online(a) pornography in the preceding year. In a try out of middle-school youth, pictorial matter to intimately explicit (X-rated) content predicted commission of cozy harassment (for males), more permissive conjureual norms, having oral grammatical gender, and act in inner intercourse part in high school.Longitudinal studies now cost that father linked threatening moving-picture show to familiar content in mainstream media with more rapid progression of internal occupation, preceding copulatory behavior, greater risk for and unplanned pregnancy, and sexually transmitted disease. One rendering for this descent may lie in the function of the media as a superpeer t hat gives adolescent audiences a consistent message that sex is normative and risk free. In addition, media dally an important usance in providing sexual in governance to adolescents in the join States and in plastic their beliefs about how males and pistillates be hold in in romantic relationships.Television shows geared toward teenagers really get under ones skin more sexual content than adult-oriented shows, yet there is little mention of the pick up for contraceptive method or for responsibility. Virtually every westbound country makes birth control unattached to adolescents, including allowing birth control advertisements in the media, but the major US goggle box networks bar at airing ads for contraceptive method. This travel in the face of the fact that a real(a) system of evidence shows that swelled teenagers access to condoms does not lead to earliest sexual employment.Parents and child advocates often indicate concern over children connecting with strang ers on-line. Although there gull been unreassuring cases of Internet sexual predatory activity by adults on children, most modern studies of Internet safety have suggested that sexual solicitation of minors is more presumable to occur by other minors. tender networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook change adolescents to present themselves manly, some quantifys in very sexually suggestive ways however, adult on-line predators are not using brotherly networking sites to find or cajole their victims.One national espouse of sexing with cell phones, conducted with 13- to 19-year-olds, revealed that 20% had sent and 48% had received sexual messages. However, affable networking sites can besides be apply pro tenderly for safer-sex campaigns, for example. Substance Use In the get unneurotic States, more than $22 million is fatigued marketing and advertising medicines ($13 one thou moxie million on baccy, $5 one million million million on intoxicant, and $4 billi on on ethical drug drugs), and many research studies have shown that it has a significant impact on adolescent use.Children and teenagers can also see substantial alcohol and drug content in on-line videos. Recent studies of tender networking sites have found that substance vilification is pen in 40% of the profiles. Portrayals of tobacco are also prevalent in the movies ? 70% of movies made in the United States today contains smoking, and smoking is rarely associated with shun health outcomes. Longitudinal prospective studies have revealed that characterisation to movie smoking at baseline (grades 58) predicts smoking institution 1 to 8 years later.Experimental research has helped top why icon to movie characters smoking is associated with smoking initiation aftermath audience who draw with the storyline and the characters are more probable to increase their intention to smoke. obesity and eat Disorders Numerous American and internationalist longitudinal studies (o ne of them as long as 26 years in duration) have shown that media use is contributing to the current plaguey of obesity worldwide. However, the mechanism for why life-threatening television- reckon, in particular, is predictive of childrens weight precondition is unclear. intellectual nourishment marketing may be 1 culprit.Children and teenagers see 44007600 ads per year for dispose feed and fast sustenance on television alone. Randomized, controlled tests have provided evidence that motion-picture show to trash food advertising has an impact on childrens food beliefs and preferences. The Internet now presents a new concern. As the Kaiser installation differentiationd, at that place is a vast inwardness of food related content online, with the potential to significantly expand and deepen childrens exposure to food marketing messages. Apart from the influence of advertising, eating while viewing may lead to greater food consumption.College-aged students showed signi ficantly greater consumption of food when subjects were ceremonial occasion television versus listening to classical music. The investigators hypothesized that satiation cues are suppressed in viewing conditions. Although the evidence that television-viewing displaces visible activity is equivocal, researchers are now examining whether heavy media use, particularly at night quantify, displaces rest period. Children who do not get overflowing relaxation are more likely to run in sedentary behaviors (such as television-viewing) and less likely to engage in physical activity.The media play a of the essence(p) role in the formation of clay self-image and may be responsible for creating surrealistic expectations and body dissatisfaction. Females who are regular readers of fashion and sweetie magazines in early adolescence are more likely to suffer from a ill-shapen body image during their jejune years. A natural field experiment in Fiji revealed that the prevalence of eating disorders increase dramatically after the introduction of American television programs, which show excessively thin female lead characters.On the Internet, there are now 100 proanorexia Web sites that not solely encourage disordered eating but offer specific advice on purging, heavily restricting caloric intake, and workout excessively. take aim Performance and Learning Problems The misadventure of a connection among television-viewing and fit or other learning disabilities is shortly an issue of great controversy. An initial work in 2004 revealed an association between perfunctory hours of television-viewing at the ages of 1 to 2 years and posterior attentional problems at the age of 7.However, a more recent get hold of in which 59 children with ADD and 106 compare children were examined actually revealed that the latter had more befooling in their cognitive processes after viewing television than the former. At least 4 studies have shown an impact on pedantic perfor mance, in particular if there is a television set in the childs or teenagers bedroom. different Health do Heavy television-viewing has also been associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, an change magnitude prevalence of asthma, sleep disorders, fashion disorders, mental distress, and depression.These were largely correlational studies and, therefore, did not of necessity show cause and effect. Pro complaisant Effects contempt the disconfirming effects listed above, the media can be powerfully pro tender and knowledgeal. Children and teenagers can learn antiviolence attitudes, empathy, valuation account toward people of other races and ethnicities, and respect for their elders. impression games can be dependable as well, including improving compliance with chemotherapy regimens in adolescents with cancer.Important and useful public messages can be successfully embedded into primetime television shows that are popular with adolescents. In an consequence of th e television program Friends, for example, Rachel tells her boyfriend Ross that she is pregnant although they had apply a condom. A national phone survey conducted with Friends viewers after the chronological succession air found that adolescents learned that condoms are not fool-proof and were more likely to talk over contraception with their parents.Similarly, a recent episode of Grays class was effective in breeding viewers about HIV and pregnancy. Research into the impact of digital media on relationship formation and maintenance has revealed that on-line communication and on-line self-disclosure can stimulate adolescents social affiliatedness and, thereby, their well-being. However, the benefits of socializing on-line are not equal for every child or adolescent. The positive Internet effect holds only when adolescents predominantly pour forth with their active friends.Communication technologies that are most often use to perish with strangers (eg, chat in a public cha t room) or more lone(a) forms of Internet use (such as surf the Web) have ostracise effects on social connectedness. TRADITIONAL MEDIA AND advanced MEDIA Children and adolescents spend more time with media than they do in any other activity except for sleepingan average of 7 hours/day. Childrens bedrooms are replete with media technology by 2005, two thirds had a television set, one half had a VCR or videodisc player or video-game console, and tight one third had Internet access or a computer.Media impact is change magnitude significantly with the presence of a bedroom television viewing increases 1 to 2 hours/day, risk of overweight increases by 31%, and the likelihood of smoking doubles. When a television is in the bedroom, parents are less able to varan viewing habits , children participate in few activities such as edition and hobbies, and sleep is shortened Field honoring instruction sort One of the aims of my research paper was to understand what children recover about the way they are affected by the Digital media. To do this i utilize one of our qualitative methods localise root.A revolve around sort is a method that is used by researchers to find out what peoples opinions and views are. During a focus root word the researcher(s) will ask questions to stimulate handling indoors the group, while taking note of what people are saying about particular issues. The focus group were conducted in Notre dame college-lwaize in total, 10 unexampled people (5 males and 5 females) took part, who were all aged between 9 12year. Question asked during the focus group * Do Digital media take a lot of your time? * Do you feel lost when you are not connected? Do you go online to check for new updates? * Do you feel you always have to go online to learn/view nurture? * Do you forget to eat when you are connected? * Do you use online social networking to retrieve any type of breeding? * Does spending time on social networking affects on your grad es in a negative way? * Do you count you can stop yourself from always connecting online? * ar you futile to continue your day without checking for updates of news / friends online? * Has social networking sites made you become dispirited? Do you enter sexual websites? * Do you talk with stranger people online? abbreviation later the focus groups were through, the information was analyse and i was able to put together the information to have a underlying result. I can say that each person had his/her own view, the information was not realizable to evaluate and conduct on a percentage scale. The focus group report card it showed that the males spend more time on social networking sites then men. They believe they do spend more time online which allows them to play ad enter many broad of websites.All participants believe online social networking is time overpowering and has its negatives. Some of the negatives prone about online social networking. Some positives were it h as allowed a number of people to be curious to involve to know more information, to learn more, to be able to communicate with people in different countries and be entertained. Solution and recommendation Parents should limit total screen time for children older than 2 years to no more than 1 to 2 hours/day, and debar screen time for children tenderer than 2 years.Also supporting childrens bedrooms free of screen media and co-view media with their children and discuss the content.. Parents also need to avoid exposing young children to PG-13 and R-rated movies, given the prevalence of violent and sexual content in higher-rated film sand the new evidence that movie scenes that take out drunkenness alcohol and smoking may be very influential in teenagers decisions to use alcohol and tobacco. In addition, parents can be mindful of their own media practices, because studies have shown that the strongest forecaster of childrens heavy media use is parents heavy media use.Parental ef forts to interpret, elaborate, and provide supplemental information on topics introduced by television have been found to be successful in countering negative or pestiferous content. In a recent study on exposure to sexual media content, adolescents who report that they discuss the content of what they see on television are less likely to engage in big sexual activity. Moreover, Schools have not kept pace with modern media, specially in violence prevention, drug prevention, and sex statement programs.With the amount of sexual suggestiveness currently displayed on television and in movies, schools no daylong have any alibi for not providing comprehensive school-based sex education programs for children and adolescents, including full discussions of contraception and discussions of how sex and sex activity are portrayed in the media. Similarly, drug education programs must progress beyond frighten off tactics to incorporate principles of media education, education young peopl e how to deconstruct alcohol and tobacco ads and, therefore, become more resilient.Conclusion During the past(a) 50 years, thousands of research studies have revealed that the media can be a powerful teacher of children and adolescents and have a profound impact on their health. To date, too little has been done by parents, health care practitioners, schools, the entertainment industry, or the government to protect children and adolescents from harmful media effects and to maximize the powerfully prosocial aspects of modern media. More research is needed, but sufficient selective information exist to warrant both concern and increased action.Digital MediaIntroduction You may have heard of digital media, but you may have no idea what it is and how it can help you out when it comes to marketing. Its definitely important that you get up to speed so you can use this to benefit your business. Basically digital media refers to any type of electronic media out there. Today media can be ac cessed in many ways, including with hand held devices like mobile phones, laptops, desktops, mp3 players, and more. Digital media must be stored in an electronic way, so there is a lot of digital content on the internet today, including text content, pictures, audio content, as well as video content.Through the history of internet, digital media has been developing in various ways. Heres well take a look at how it has affected the Internet and ways that it may be integrated moving forwards (Rogers 2006). One type of digital media is text this in fact represented the very first explosion ofthistype of contentout there on the Internet. When the Internet first got big, there was an explosion of content on the web, especially with all the text editors and word processing options out there today (Rogers 2006).Larger companies started to put date on computers instead of storing it in cabinets, and the internet definitely allowed a great way to share, transfer, and store content as well. A s the Internet grew, images began to appear. Instead of just text emails, soon people could send photos, and soon photo sites for sharing photos began to pop up. Then in the middle 1990s, audio began to become an important part of digital media with the mp3 files that could be easily used. Soon music and more was shared online with sites that allowed you to share audio.Last in the digital media development was video. YouTube definitely made video sharing a hugely popular form of modern media scattering and this is continuing to grow as we speak today. Now with new technology seen in things like the iPhone,this new form of virtual mediais available in handheld devices as well, and no doubtthis sectoris only going to continue to grow in the future (Rogers 2006). Now that you understand a bit more about the technology side, you may be wondering how it can help your business.Well businesses are using digital media for marketing more and more today, realizing that there is a huge market ing field out there and thatit can help to draw in visitors and can even provide better search engine visibility with you. Text content can be kept updated on your site and helpful content is a great part of good marketing. Expertise in your field can really help your business and get traffic flowing into your business website. Photos, charts, diagrams, and models are always popular online and will help you to get more visibility as well.Audio allows you to use music on pages or to do podcasts for your business. Creating videos is a popular method of digital media marketing today, and videos do very well in search engines (Rogers 2006). With the popularity of digital media, it is definitely important that you continue to create and use it for good marketing and business results. Even if you have to hire someone to help out, the benefits will make it worth the money. So shrewd about and using digital media is definitely important for your business success todayProblem statement Most people accept the idea that the media can influence people. But the degree of that influence, as well as who is most-impacted, when, how and why, have been the subjects of great debate among communication scholars for nearly a century. Media effects refers to the many ways individuals and society may be influenced by both news and entertainment mass media, including film, television, radio, newspapers, books, magazines, websites, video games, and music.To understand digital media effects, it is first critical to consider how media are used and for what purposes. Communication scholars have traditionally fallen into two camps functionalists, who believe the media audience tends to be in control and active, and critical/culturalists who believe the audience has less control and is therefore more passive. The balance may lie somewhere in the middle and may vary from country to country. Purpose of the study In this paper we are going to study and evaluate the digital media and its eff ect on children in general.The following text is a general idea Youth spend an average of 7 hours/day using media and the vast majority of them have access to a bedroom television, computer, the Internet, a video-game console, and a cell phone. In this paper we review the most recent research on the effects of media on the behavior and health and well-being of children and adolescents. Studies have shown that media can provide information about safe health practices and can foster social connectedness.However, recent evidence raises concerns about medias effects on aggression, sexual behavior, substance use, disordered eating, and academic difficulties. We provide recommendations for parents, practitioners, the media, and policy makers, among others, for ways to increase the benefits and reduce the harm that media can have for the developing child and for adolescents. More than 50 years of media research attests to the significant influence of media on child and adolescent health.Bo th old media (television, movies, magazines) and new media (the Internet and social networking sites, video/computer games, cell phones) can have an impact on virtually every health concern that practitioners and parents have about young people, including aggressive behavior, unassured sexual behavior, substance use, and disordered eating. Although the media are not the leading cause of any of these problems, the research reviewed here suggests that they are significant.Yet, despite the evidence of potential harm, there is also evidence that media can be beneficial for youth (eg, by increasing empathy and acceptance of diversity through modeling of prosocial behaviors and developing childrens early literacy skills through educational programming). Those concerned with child and adolescent health need to be aware of the research on the effects of modern media on youth. Theoretical framework Literature review Media affect youth not only by displacing time they spend doing homework or sleeping but also by influencing beliefs and behaviors.According to social learning theory, children and adolescents learn by observing and imitating what they see on the screen, particularly when these behaviors seem realistic or are rewarded. Cognitive development theory asserts that childrens cognitive capacities at different stages determine if and how they understand media content. For example, children younger than 8 years who are not yet able to comprehend persuasive intent will be more vulnerable to advertising.In addition, media present youth with common scripts for how to behave in unfamiliar situations such as romantic relationships. Finally, superpeer theory states that the media are like powerful best friends in sometimes making angry behaviors seem like normative behavior. With the variety of theories suggesting a potentially powerful effect of the media and the growing empirical evidence for negative impact, one might hypothesize that parents would take care to limi t exposure to detrimental media content.However, the third-person effect (a well-documented phenomenon in the communications literature) shows that teenagers and adults think that the media influence everyone except themselves or their children Violence and Aggression By the age of 18, the average adolescent will have seen an estimated 200 000 acts of violence on television alone. Much of the violence on television and in movies is presented in a sanitized and glamorized fashion, and in childrens programming it often is presented as humorous.More than 10% of 10- to 14-year-olds saw 40 of the most violent movies in 2003. Both music videos and rap music have become increasingly violent. Interactive media can encourage antisocial beliefs and behavior in children and adolescents, particularly because violence in new media has been found to be prevalent as well. A recent analysis of video games revealed that more than half of all games contain violence, including 90% rated as appropriat e for children aged 10 years and older.Health professionals worry most about first-person shooter video games. In the aftermath of the West Paducah, KY school shooting, it was discovered that the shooter had never fired a real gun in his life before that day, yet his marksmanship was both accurate and lethal. Researchers believe that repeated exposure to mediated violence can lead to anxiety and fear, acceptance of violence as an appropriate means of solving conflict, and desensitization, with resulting increases in aggression and decreases in altruism.In particular, the portrayal of justifiable violence that is common in American mediagood guys versus bad guysplaces children at risk because it is so powerfully reinforcing. The relationship between media violence and real-life aggression is nearly as strong as the impact of cigarette smoking on lung cancer not everyone who smokes will get lung cancer, and not everyone who views media violence will become aggressive themselves. Howev er, the connection is significant. The most problematic forms of media violence include attractive and unpunished perpetrators, no harm to victims, realism, and humor. SexResearchers investigating the impact of exposure to sexual content in media on adolescent sexual beliefs and early sexual initiation have found modest but significant associations, particularly in the realm of pornography. In a national sample of 1500 10- to 17-year-olds, nearly half of the Internet users had been exposed to on-line pornography in the previous year. In a sample of middle-school youth, exposure to sexually explicit (X-rated) content predicted perpetration of sexual harassment (for males), more permissive sexual norms, having oral sex, and engaging in sexual intercourse while in high school.Longitudinal studies now exist that have linked heavy exposure to sexual content in mainstream media with more rapid progression of sexual activity, earlier coital behavior, greater risk for and unplanned pregnanc y, and sexually transmitted disease. One explanation for this relationship may lie in the role of the media as a superpeer that gives adolescent audiences a consistent message that sex is normative and risk free. In addition, media play an important role in providing sexual information to adolescents in the United States and in shaping their beliefs about how males and females behave in romantic relationships.Television shows geared toward teenagers actually have more sexual content than adult-oriented shows, yet there is little mention of the need for contraception or for responsibility. Virtually every Western country makes birth control available to adolescents, including allowing birth control advertisements in the media, but the major US television networks balk at airing ads for contraception. This flies in the face of the fact that a substantial body of evidence shows that giving teenagers access to condoms does not lead to earlier sexual activity.Parents and child advocates often express concern over children connecting with strangers on-line. Although there have been disturbing cases of Internet sexual predatory activity by adults on children, most recent studies of Internet safety have suggested that sexual solicitation of minors is more likely to occur by other minors. Social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook enable adolescents to present themselves publicly, sometimes in very sexually suggestive ways however, adult on-line predators are not using social networking sites to find or entice their victims.One national survey of sexing with cell phones, conducted with 13- to 19-year-olds, revealed that 20% had sent and 48% had received sexual messages. However, social networking sites can also be used prosocially for safer-sex campaigns, for example. Substance Use In the United States, more than $22 billion is spent marketing and advertising drugs ($13 billion on tobacco, $5 billion on alcohol, and $4 billion on prescription drugs), and many research studies have shown that it has a significant impact on adolescent use.Children and teenagers can also see considerable alcohol and drug content in on-line videos. Recent studies of social networking sites have found that substance abuse is referenced in 40% of the profiles. Portrayals of tobacco are also prevalent in the movies ? 70% of movies made in the United States today contains smoking, and smoking is rarely associated with negative health outcomes. Longitudinal prospective studies have revealed that exposure to movie smoking at baseline (grades 58) predicts smoking initiation 1 to 8 years later.Experimental research has helped illuminate why exposure to movie characters smoking is associated with smoking initiation viewers who identify with the storyline and the characters are more likely to increase their intention to smoke. Obesity and Eating Disorders Numerous American and international longitudinal studies (one of them as long as 26 years in duration) have shown that media use is contributing to the current epidemic of obesity worldwide. However, the mechanism for why heavy television-viewing, in particular, is predictive of childrens weight status is unclear. Food marketing may be 1 culprit.Children and teenagers see 44007600 ads per year for junk food and fast food on television alone. Randomized, controlled experiments have provided evidence that exposure to junk food advertising has an impact on childrens food beliefs and preferences. The Internet now presents a new concern. As the Kaiser Foundation noted, There is a vast amount of food related content online, with the potential to significantly expand and deepen childrens exposure to food marketing messages. Apart from the influence of advertising, eating while viewing may lead to greater food consumption.College-aged students showed significantly greater consumption of food when subjects were watching television versus listening to classical music. The investigators hypothesized that satiety cues are suppressed in viewing conditions. Although the evidence that television-viewing displaces physical activity is equivocal, researchers are now examining whether heavy media use, particularly at nighttime, displaces sleep. Children who do not get enough sleep are more likely to engage in sedentary behaviors (such as television-viewing) and less likely to engage in physical activity.The media play a crucial role in the formation of body self-image and may be responsible for creating unrealistic expectations and body dissatisfaction. Females who are regular readers of fashion and beauty magazines in early adolescence are more likely to suffer from a distorted body image during their teenaged years. A natural field experiment in Fiji revealed that the prevalence of eating disorders increased dramatically after the introduction of American television programs, which show excessively thin female lead characters.On the Internet, there are now 100 proanorexia Web sites that not only encourage disordered eating but offer specific advice on purging, severely restricting caloric intake, and exercising excessively. School Performance and Learning Problems The possibility of a connection between television-viewing and ADD or other learning disabilities is currently an issue of great controversy. An initial study in 2004 revealed an association between daily hours of television-viewing at the ages of 1 to 2 years and subsequent attentional problems at the age of 7.However, a more recent study in which 59 children with ADD and 106 comparison children were examined actually revealed that the latter had more impairment in their cognitive processes after viewing television than the former. At least 4 studies have shown an impact on academic performance, especially if there is a television set in the childs or teenagers bedroom. Other Health Effects Heavy television-viewing has also been associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, an increased prevalence of asthma, sleep disorders, mood disorders, psychological distress, and depression.These were largely correlational studies and, therefore, did not necessarily show cause and effect. Prosocial Effects Despite the negative effects listed above, the media can be powerfully prosocial and educational. Children and teenagers can learn antiviolence attitudes, empathy, tolerance toward people of other races and ethnicities, and respect for their elders. Video games can be beneficial as well, including improving compliance with chemotherapy regimens in adolescents with cancer.Important and useful public messages can be successfully embedded into primetime television shows that are popular with adolescents. In an episode of the television program Friends, for example, Rachel tells her boyfriend Ross that she is pregnant although they had used a condom. A national telephone survey conducted with Friends viewers after the episode aired found that adolescents learned that condoms are not fool- proof and were more likely to discuss contraception with their parents.Similarly, a recent episode of Grays Anatomy was effective in teaching viewers about HIV and pregnancy. Research into the impact of digital media on relationship formation and maintenance has revealed that on-line communication and on-line self-disclosure can stimulate adolescents social connectedness and, thereby, their well-being. However, the benefits of socializing on-line are not equal for every child or adolescent. The positive Internet effect holds only when adolescents predominantly talk with their existing friends.Communication technologies that are most often used to communicate with strangers (eg, chat in a public chat room) or more solitary forms of Internet use (such as surfing the Web) have negative effects on social connectedness. TRADITIONAL MEDIA AND NEW MEDIA Children and adolescents spend more time with media than they do in any other activity except for sleepingan average of 7 hours/day. Child rens bedrooms are replete with media technology by 2005, two thirds had a television set, one half had a VCR or DVD player or video-game console, and nearly one third had Internet access or a computer.Media impact is increased significantly with the presence of a bedroom television viewing increases 1 to 2 hours/day, risk of overweight increases by 31%, and the likelihood of smoking doubles. When a television is in the bedroom, parents are less able to monitor viewing habits , children participate in fewer activities such as reading and hobbies, and sleep is shortened Field Observation Focus group One of the aims of my research paper was to understand what children feel about the way they are affected by the Digital media. To do this i used one of our qualitative methods focus group.A focus group is a method that is used by researchers to find out what peoples opinions and views are. During a focus group the researcher(s) will ask questions to stimulate discussion within the group, while taking note of what people are saying about particular issues. The focus group were conducted in Notre dame college-lwaize in total, 10 young people (5 males and 5 females) took part, who were all aged between 9 12year. Question asked during the focus group * Do Digital media take a lot of your time? * Do you feel lost when you are not connected? Do you go online to check for new updates? * Do you feel you always have to go online to learn/view information? * Do you forget to eat when you are connected? * Do you use online social networking to retrieve any type of information? * Does spending time on social networking affects on your grades in a negative way? * Do you think you can stop yourself from always connecting online? * Are you unable to continue your day without checking for updates of news / friends online? * Has social networking sites made you become depressed? Do you enter sexual websites? * Do you talk with stranger people online? Analysis After the focus group s were done, the information was analyzed and i was able to put together the information to have a basic result. I can say that each person had his/her own view, the information was not possible to evaluate and conduct on a percentage scale. The focus group study it showed that the males spend more time on social networking sites then men. They believe they do spend more time online which allows them to play ad enter many kind of websites.All participants believe online social networking is time consuming and has its negatives. Some of the negatives given about online social networking. Some positives were it has allowed a number of people to be curious to want to know more information, to learn more, to be able to communicate with people in different countries and be entertained. Solution and recommendation Parents should limit total screen time for children older than 2 years to no more than 1 to 2 hours/day, and avoid screen time for children younger than 2 years.Also keep childr ens bedrooms free of screen media and co-view media with their children and discuss the content.. Parents also need to avoid exposing young children to PG-13 and R-rated movies, given the prevalence of violent and sexual content in higher-rated film sand the new evidence that movie scenes that depict drinking alcohol and smoking may be very influential in teenagers decisions to use alcohol and tobacco. In addition, parents can be mindful of their own media practices, because studies have shown that the strongest predictor of childrens heavy media use is parents heavy media use.Parental efforts to interpret, elaborate, and provide supplemental information on topics introduced by television have been found to be successful in countering negative or harmful content. In a recent study on exposure to sexual media content, adolescents who report that they discuss the content of what they see on television are less likely to engage in risky sexual activity. Moreover, Schools have not kept pace with modern media, especially in violence prevention, drug prevention, and sex education programs.With the amount of sexual suggestiveness currently displayed on television and in movies, schools no longer have any excuse for not providing comprehensive school-based sex education programs for children and adolescents, including full discussions of contraception and discussions of how sex and sexuality are portrayed in the media. Similarly, drug education programs must progress beyond scare tactics to incorporate principles of media education, teaching young people how to deconstruct alcohol and tobacco ads and, therefore, become more resilient.Conclusion During the past 50 years, thousands of research studies have revealed that the media can be a powerful teacher of children and adolescents and have a profound impact on their health. To date, too little has been done by parents, health care practitioners, schools, the entertainment industry, or the government to protect childre n and adolescents from harmful media effects and to maximize the powerfully prosocial aspects of modern media. More research is needed, but sufficient data exist to warrant both concern and increased action.