Celies Transformation in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color P

Celies Transformation in The tinge Purple Celie is not a true protagonist. In Alice Walkers The Color Purple, the main character Celie is an ugly, poor girl who is severely lacking in self-confidence. However, Celie transforms throughout the course of the novel and manages to realize herself as a colorful, beautiful, and proud human being. Celie becomes a powerful individual. The Color Purple follows Celies transformation from an ugly duckling into a beautiful swan. What is remarkable is the fact that this transformation does not precisely compose the plot of the novel, it also dominates the layout of the pages. The books chapters are not indite in a typical fashion as each chapter is a letter written from Celie to God, Celie to her sister Nettie, or Nellie to Celie. Alice Walker utilized this method of storytelling to give the reader a very personal glimpse into Celies mind and soul. The writer gets a observe for Celie through her writing style- she uses specific phrasing to express herself and, over time, her mechanical writing skills improve greatly. We see Celies thought process as she makes decisions and then writes closely them. This powerful narration is the main driving force behind the words. If we analyse the story instead of the narrative perspective can we see that the main discernment of Celies insecurity is caused by the way she is treated by men. She is sexually abus... ...kling transforms into a beautiful swan. Works Cited and Consulted Klosowski, John E. The Color Purple and Its True Color. Houston Cronicle. December 14, 1995 42-44. Smith, Pamela A. squirt Lap, Brown Embrace, Blue Body The Ecospirituality of Alice Walker. April Cross Currents 2000 (1999) 18 p. Online. Internet. 30 Nov. 2001. Available http//www.aril.org.smith2.htm. Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Washington. Pocket Books/Washington Square Press (1985). Winchell, Donna Haisty. Alice Walker. New York Twayne Publishers, 1992. Notes 1 Walker, Alice, The Col or Purple (1982), p. 11 2 ibid, p. 38 3 ibid, p. 76 4 Walker (1982), p. 82

Amusing Ourselves to Death: Its Time to Stop Laughing Essay -- Postma

Amusing Ourselves to last Its Time to Stop Laughing The form of talk created by the television is non only a part of how our modern society communicates, but is has changed universe discourse to the headway that it has completely redefined it, argued Neil immune carrier in his convincing book Amusing Ourselves to Death. He viewed this as very harmful, and additionally so because our society is innate of it as they quickly becomes engulfed in its epistemology. When faced with the enquire about whether the television shapes or reflects culture, Postman pointed out that it is no longer applicable because television has gradually become our culture (79). What kind of culture is this? Postman warned that it is one in which we be instructed and informed through the form of entertainment, and that through such a medium, we are becoming dulled, ignorant of real issues, and amused regenerate into a very possible culture death. Today, sixteen years after the books publication, he w ould probably impart a similar message (though possibly more than passionate) to say about our present culture, especially in the areas of education and the nightly news, which have grown more and more worse. Taking dickens authors, George Orwell and Aldous Huxley, he compared their views about the next of information. Orwells view was that we would be overcome by a controlling force and books would be banned, leaving us without proper information or instruction. Huxley, on the otherwise hand, suggested that the squelching of information would not be the problem. Instead, it would be the voluminous mass flooding our culture that would make us ignorant. We would have so much to choose from, two useful and worthless, that we would become indifferent t... ...information invades the living room, they wonder why they are being tricked and mislead. Or worse, they do not even realize it. We are not a culture known for its thinking. Perhaps we are best known for our entertainment. Only when we divide these two realms will we become more accurate informed. Neil Postman, canvas Orwell and Huxleys theories, said, Our threat of being deprived of proper information does not watch us, by his choice. We watch him, by ours (155). His point was that by our own choosing, we are being misinformed. In our information age we have intelligent books, newspapers, magazines, and other information sources that have not been greatly moved(p) by the television culture. We just need to forfeit laughing and seek to be properly informed. Works Cited Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York Penguin Books, 1985. Amusing Ourselves to Death Its Time to Stop Laughing Essay -- PostmaAmusing Ourselves to Death Its Time to Stop Laughing The form of communication created by the television is not only a part of how our modern society communicates, but is has changed public discourse to the point that it has completely redefined it, argued Neil Postman in h is convincing book Amusing Ourselves to Death. He viewed this as very harmful, and additionally so because our society is ignorant of it as they quickly becomes engulfed in its epistemology. When faced with the question about whether the television shapes or reflects culture, Postman pointed out that it is no longer applicable because television has gradually become our culture (79). What kind of culture is this? Postman warned that it is one in which we are instructed and informed through the form of entertainment, and that through such a medium, we are becoming dulled, ignorant of real issues, and amused right into a very possible culture death. Today, sixteen years after the books publication, he would probably have a similar message (though possibly more passionate) to say about our present culture, especially in the areas of education and the nightly news, which have grown progressively worse. Taking two authors, George Orwell and Aldous Huxley, he compared their views about the future of information. Orwells view was that we would be overcome by a controlling force and books would be banned, leaving us without proper information or instruction. Huxley, on the other hand, suggested that the squelching of information would not be the problem. Instead, it would be the voluminous mass flooding our culture that would make us ignorant. We would have so much to choose from, both useful and worthless, that we would become indifferent t... ...information invades the living room, they wonder why they are being tricked and mislead. Or worse, they do not even realize it. We are not a culture known for its thinking. Perhaps we are best known for our entertainment. Only when we divide these two realms will we become more accurate informed. Neil Postman, comparing Orwell and Huxleys theories, said, Our threat of being deprived of proper information does not watch us, by his choice. We watch him, by ours (155). His point was that by our own choosing, we are being mis informed. In our information age we have intelligent books, newspapers, magazines, and other information sources that have not been greatly affected by the television culture. We just need to stop laughing and seek to be properly informed. Works Cited Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York Penguin Books, 1985.

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Education Teac

Philosophy of EducationI began my college education in 1987. I be two full years and one part-time year before accepting a position with an engineering firm in 1992. I was engaged there for the next nine years and was promoted three times. Even though this was a good stable career, I was not satisfied. I have unceasingly wanted to be a instructor. I never gave up hope and continued to take a class when I could. In the fall of 2001, I had the opportunity to work part-time and finish my degree. I am so excited to achieve my lifetime goal of becoming an educator. Almost everyone has a teacher they remember. Some are remembered for being a positive influence. Others are remembered for negative traits they exhibited. Often times a student never forgets the impact a certain teacher had on the outcome of their lives. My goal is to be the teacher who puts forth the extra effort for my students so they may achieve all their dreams. I would comparable to be the teacher stud ents remember, not because I was nice or made things fun, but because they were challenged to learn. Within my classroom, I hope to create a nurturing environment so each tiddler can learn to his or her fullest potential. Being a teacher carries so much responsibility. In addition to teaching each child effectively, you are also a role model and example in your classroom. Children model behavior they are exposed to at home as closely as at school. Principals, teachers, coaches, and aides should be...

Essay --

Murray, JoshuaHST 456Exam OneFebruary 21, 2014Thomas, SabrinaShort Answer 1Due to an immense idolatry of South Vietnam falling prey to the Communist powers of The Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union, The United States government enacted various refugee, military and economic policies to shit a self-sufficient democratic nation-state in South Vietnam. In an attempt to diversify South Vietnams economy, The United States initiated the Commercial Import Program (CIP) which started in January of 1955, in which the United States assisted South Vietnam in the growth of industrialization and commerce through economic aid, consumer imports and supporter through middle class Vietnamese. The cultivation was to create a self-sufficient free market in South Vietnam beyond agricultural products long after the United States intervention was over. The next policy to aid the South Vietnamese was called the Agroville Program which was established to protect and urbanize rural Vietnames e people to increase support for the Diem regime by relocating them from their lands to impregnable built communities. This policy had huge repercussions as it did not aid anti-communist support but increased Communist favor in rural Vietnamese as some Vietnamese people felt forcibly relocated to the land that they were ancestrally bound too. In order to ensure South Vietnam had an effective military to fighting North Vietnam and the Communist forces such as China which supplied automatic weapons, the United States sent the Military Assistance and Advisory Group (MAAG) which provided military advisors to the South Vietnam government, assisting them with study on military tactics and efficient training skills.Short Answer 2John F.... ...nd engaging in full scale military troth in Vietnam was a rash decision as it contained little investigation and inadequate research on the battle techniques of the Northern Vietnamese before engaging. Altogether, death chair Johnsons response a nd executed action towards the events occurring in Southeast Asia were rash, rushed and researched. His elitist attitude towards the power that the United States held compared to the guerilla forces of the Viet Cong created a mentality that the United States would advantageously suppress the opposing forces as they were the dominant world power however Johnson neglected major elements of geopolitical situations and warfare style needed to be successful. chair Johnson had a chance to withdraw from Vietnam after Kennedys assassination but chose to escalate the situation that had been brewing since the Truman administration.

AN OVERVIEW OF CHILD LABOR AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS :: Essays Papers

AN OVERVIEW OF CHILD LABOR AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSA little girl about seven years old, whos gambol as scavenger, was to collect incessantly from the factory floor, the flying fragments of cotton that might impede the work... while the hissing machinery passed over her, and when this is skillfully done, and the head, body, and the outstretched limbs carefully pasted to the floor, the steady moving, but threatening mass, may pass and repass over the dizzy head and trembling body without touching it. To many of us this paragraph belongs to the past. It is true, this was produce in 1864 in England, but for even more people it would come as a surprise that the practice of child labor exists as we speak. correspond to Krugman several thousand men, women and children live on Smokey Mountain dump in Manila, enduring the stench, the flies and the toxic waste in order to make a living combing the garbage for scrap metal and other recyclables. And the Smokey Mountain is very much present tim e story. electric razor labor is a glum problem throughout the world, especially in developing countries. According to the latest statistics , Africa and Asia together account for over 90 percent of total child employment. Child labor is especially prevalent in rural areas where the capacity to enforce nominal age requirements for schooling and work is lacking. What exactly is child labor? The world-wide Labor Organizations convention 138 specified 15 years as the age above which a person may participate in economic activity. Also, another source (Ashagrie, 93) suggest that a child is a laborer if it is economically active, while governments and international organization usually consider a person economically active if the person works on a regular basis. Clearly there are few different angles to look into this.At this point we can look at the child labor as the reserve army of labor but at the same time we request to take into consideration poverty and economic weakness that are pushing children into work. The line of morality in regards to this issue is very thin are those children break off off not working and instead starve being dump scavengers or are they better off working for less than a minimum wage? In addition, the economies of third world nations often benefit from the introduction of low-wage manufacturing jobs. Their argument is that these sweatshop jobs can offer their countrys poor a disengage from malnourishment and poverty.

Computers And Strategic Games :: Technology Thinking Papers

Computers and Strategic GamesWe all know that computers can help a jumbo jet land safely in the worst of weather, aid astronauts in complex maneuvers in space, guide missiles accurately over vast stretches of land, and assist doctors and physicians in creating images of the interior of the human body. We ar lucky and pleased that computers can perform these functions for us. But in doing them, computers show no intelligence, but merely carry push through lengthy complex calculations art object serving as our obedient helpers. Yet the question of whether computers can think, whether they are able to show any true intelligence has been a controversial atomic number 53 from the day humans first realized the full potential of computers. Exactly what intelligence is, how it comes about, and how we test for it have become issues central to computer science and, more than specifically, to artificial intelligence. In searching for a domain in which to study these issues, many scientists have selected the field of strategic games. Strategic games require what is generally unsounded to a high level of intelligence, and through these games, researchers hope to measure the full potential of computers as thinking machines (Levy & Newborn 1). From the beginning, almost have argued that computers would never be good at strategic games until humans themselves understood how they themselves played and then modeled computers to play the same way. Most computer scientists felt that humans carried out highly selective searches, and programmers initially set out to have their programs do the same. It was believed that special-purpose computer languages in which gaming concepts could be easily expressed were necessary. There were some that argued that although human intuition could not be programmed, it was required for top-level play. Computers have improved gradually over the years from the point of barely reservation legal moves to the live state of being world-class pla yers. On the surface, they do not seem to imitate the human thought process, but upon closer examination, one begins to sense that they do. How merely do computers play strategic games? The best way of answering this question is to look at how computers play the game of chess, as this game in site to be mastered requires what we consider to be the highest level of intelligence. Among all the strategic games, the game of chess has been studied the most by AI researchers with the objective of making chess-playing machines that can defeat the best human players.

Macro Systems Paper Essay

Macro Systems argon the division of the broad practices of neighborly Work. The divisions of aff equal to(p) work are a lot divided into three practices which include the categories of macro instruction, mezzo, and micro. Often commended as being a organisation which provides intervention services that affect absolute communities and their strategys of care and concern, Macro level social work has been known to be highly effective.Responsibility of the Human Service Worker in the Macro surroundBecause Macro System focuses on large groups, socials workers who use this practice most often work in efforts to help clients more so on a federation level rather than undividedly. Lobbying to change health care laws, organizing state-wide activist groups or being activist for social policy change have often become battles of social workers who see the need of their clients who are not in a position to initiate the necessary changes. Social Workers ultimate responsibility in the mac ro system environment is to be the voice of the people to which they provide their services. It is also left up to human service workers to collaborate with those people who are the over seers of the services that they distribute to make certain that the services provided meet the needs of the people.Personal, Interpersonal, and Political EmpowermentEmpowerment is essential in the Macro system environment. Personal sanction is centered on the individual and is the operationality of having an influence on events which are personified in the ideology of the person. Interpersonal Empowerment is proportioned by the successful fundamental interaction with others and the level of concern that we place on the regards other people have for us. This level of empowerment is based on social status, class, gender and sex and refers to a persons ability of influence others. Political empowerment is the process of allocating resources, and stresses the goals of social change as well as social ac tions. Political empowerment is very interactive with society but still makes room for a person to maintain his or her individualityIndividual Involvement in seven-fold Social SystemsAn individuals involvement in multiple social systems is very common. In the micro system the focus is based on individual personal interaction. In the micro system an individual may discover that he or she needs counseling and may seek one on one professional help. The mezzo system includes communities, institutions, or small structures such as neighborhoods. This system is a derivative of such organizations as self-help groups or community advocacy programs. Taking on an active role in the mezzo and micro systems as well, the macro system addresses issues in these systems as well. The macro system affects systems and communities. In the macro system individuals are actively involved in creating change in social programs such as health care.Macro Systems in Response to Child Maltreatment, Sexual Abuse , Crime, and Delinquency Child maltreatment, sexual abuse, crime, and delinquency are key factors in the mere existence of the social work program. In the macro system child maltreat takes precedence over all else and because of strict guidelines of care and concern in reference to children, the macro system provides several(prenominal) outlets to report abuse or suspected abuse of children as well as vulnerable adults. In response to Sexual Abuse in the macro systems have come up with medical procedures to detect sexual abuse in some cases and certain laws such as PREA (Prison, Rape, and Elimination Act) were established to nurse individuals in prison communities from enduring sexual abuse.Crime and Delinquency which often go hand in hand areaddressed on divers(prenominal) levels. In the macro system, children who are delinquent are often placed in juvenile corrections in an effort to rehabilitate. Boots Camps such as the disseminated sclerosis Challenge Academy at Camp Shelby w hich was established in 1993. This program was considered a second chance for juvenile delinquents. In the macro system on that point is no clear cut or precise course of actions because every case is different. The level of response is totally dependent upon the mitigating circumstance surrounding the event.Functionalism and Interactionist theory Relative to PovertyA functionalist framework is used to synthesize well-known ideas about societal integration and, conversely, disintegration. If the underlying Darwinian metaphor in functional analysis is retained, and supplemented by dialectical metaphors, then functional theorizing can insightfully address the forces of societal disintegration. (Turner, Johnathan H. A macro-level functional theory of societal disintegration. The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. (1996) P36). In regards to the functionalism theory applied to poverty in the macro system it exemplifies that there is a place for poverty in society. Im poverished people and their needs are essential to social workers as well as service providers who distribute or allocate resources those who need them. Many social workers have do use of symbolic interactionism as a microsociological underpinning for work with individuals, couples, families and groups.The profession has less often applied interactionist thought to work with larger social systems. Queralt (1996), however, in her school text on human behavior and the social environment, gave importance to the community theorizing of Robert Park, a Chicago School sociologist who taught many symbolic interactionists. In addition, she discussed Parks finishing of concepts like the web of vitality, succession, and competition to community processes and judged these as forerunners of the modern social work ecological model. (Breakwell, G. M. (1982).The holly and the ivy Social psychology and social work. In P. Stringer (Ed.), Confronting social issues Applications of social psychology , Vol. 1 (pp. 204-223). London donnish Press.) In total contrast to the functionalist theory, the interactionist theory concludes that people are poor because of situations or circumstance occurring in lifewhich was by far beyond their control. In the essence of poverty the functionalist believe that there is a place for poor people in society and that its necessary to have poor people and the interactionist basically believes that no one should be poor.ConclusionIn conclusion the macro system is a study component of social work. Unlike the micro a mezzo systems, the macro system focus on larger entities of society which include schools, neighborhoods, or communities. I most favor the macro system because its much easier to determine your effectiveness as a social worker. Its great to be able to help individuals but in the macro systems, the social worker serves as the voice of the people and often cause or create change in policies, allocations of resources, and brainstorming new ideas to improve those resources already in place.ReferencesBreakwell, G. M. (1982). The holly and the ivy Social psychology and social work. In P. Stringer (Ed.), Confronting social issues Applications of social psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 204-223). London Academic Press.Konopka, G. (1972). Social group work A helping process. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-HallTurner, Johnathan H. A macro-level functional theory of societal disintegration. The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. (1996) P36)

Prison Gangs Essay

United States of America, what a beautiful place to live where great opportunities consist ahead of you and the American dream is right around the corner. Although United States of America is maven of the most valued countries in the world with booming economy and intelligence, we await problems of our own such as homicides, terrorism, immigration, politics and etc. One of the biggest problems that we face forthwith is prison gangs.It is very important to populate and to learn about prison gangs because prison gangs will gain a stronger hold in communities if communities do not structure intervention to include more than law enforcement suppression. If that happens, street gangs blanchedthorn move better structured and drug gangs may become more powerful forces in the corporation (Fleisher & Decker, 2001). The purpose of this research paper is to knowledge the indorser about the importance of prison gangs, overview of their organization & activities and fin exclusivelyy c ontributes solutions to rising problem.We often question ourselves, what is a prison gang? And how do they differ from the street gangs? Lyman (1989) defines that, prison gang is an organization which operates within the prison system as a self-perpetuating criminally oriented entity, consisting of a select group of inmates who have established an unionised chain of commands and ar governed by an established code of conduct. Street level gangs honor and respect highly of the prison gang genus Phalluss and wishes to become a extremity of a prison gang one day. Prison gangs influences and carries a great power over the street level gangs.Prison gangs are also know as the bad of the bad to the street level gang members. The almighty, organized and professional prison gangs reign over the street gangs and on our society today and it is becoming a devastating problem. It has been estimated that, there are two million men and women serving prison terms in America (Fleisher & Decker, 2 001). That is more than 80 percent of the population in city of Los Angeles. Criminologists argue that the criminals often do not have the power to control the destructive forces in their environment, which created their disabilities.Which defines that many criminals are victims of family abuse and neglect, school disciplinary practices that expelled them before they had sufficient education to pursue a career, and impoverished neighborhoods well outside the opportunity networks in the dominant community (Fleisher & Decker, 2001). It is depressing to admit the fact that the community and their families may have created these law breakers, but however, few members of the prisoners became high risk organizations in our society and has become one of the biggest problems today.Although the researchers have stated that it was very difficult to obtain the data on the number of prison gangs and information about the prison gang, through persistent and on the lookout observation, a core-i mportant information of the biggest prison gangs were able to be gathered. The prison inmates form groups and organizations based on their need for identity, belongings, personal interests and race. Fleisher and Decker (2001) stated that the first known American prison gang was the Gypsy Jokers formed in the 1950s in Washington state prisons and the first prison gang with nationwide ties was the Mexican maffia in 1957.The Mexican Mafia prison gang started at the Deuel Vocational Center in Tracy, California and it was Californias first prison gang. The Mexican Mafia also known as the La Eme, was originally arrange by 13 inmates who were active Latino street gang members previously from antithetic neighborhoods in the Los Angeles Area. The Mexican Mafia was born in order to protect themselves from other gang members, hostile inmates and prison staffs (Valdez, 2009).The Mexican Mafia gang in conclusion grew to be one of the biggest prison gang organization and focuses on criminal ac tivities including drug trafficking and wars with other prison gangs. In order to become a member of the Mexican Mafia prison gang, one essential have a sponsoring member and undergo a credit line oath to prove his loyalty to the gang. The members of the Mexican Mafia frequently had tattoos on their right hands with the word Eme, and an eagle holding a snake in its mouth, symbolizing their organization. The Indo-Aryan Brotherhood of the Texas was the white supremacist group in California.These prison gang members opposed racial threat of African Americans and Hispanic inmates and countered the organization and activities of the Black and Hispanic gangs. The Aryan Brotherhood hardly neglected Black and Hispanic inmates, desired the power to rule the prison system and was involved in drug trafficking. In order to join the Aryan Brotherhood, one must commit making ones bones, requiring taking a life of someone. The Aryan Brotherhood followed one simple rule, Blood in, blood out, de fining that the only non-violent out of the organization is by natural death.The Aryan Brotherhood gang members often had tattoos of a cloverleaf, swastika, lightning bolts and/or the letters AB on their bodies. The Black Guerilla Family became one of the most politically charged revolutionary gangs in history. The Black Guerilla Family is an organized prison gang established by George Lester Jackson, a leader of Black Panther who united with the Black Liberation Army (BLA), Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), and the Weatherman Underground Organization to create a powerful organization of the history.The Black Guerilla were feared by many of the prison guards due to their demonic presence and continued to remain in control until today. Tattoos such as the prison watchtower surrounded by a dragon with a quarter moon depicted in its body, and silhouette of a rifle with a sword lying over it to form an X, symbolized The Black Guerilla Family. The famous, almighty and traditional Los Ang eles street gangs, also known as the Crips and Bloods are also found in prison systems today.Valdez (2009) examines that the two gangs, Crips and Bloods may war with each other while on the street, but however, there seems to be a truce and adherence between these groups inside the prison system and the probable reason for that is for their defense from the existing prison gangs. As these members in prison joined together, they insured protection and guide amongst themselves. In West Coast prisons, the Crips formed the consolidated Crip organization and the Bloods found the United Blood nation (Valdez, 2009).As most of criminologists already know that the prison gangs dominate the drug business and drug trafficking, many researchers have argued that the most prison violence are due to the prison gangs. Motivated by a desire to make money and be at the top of an institutions inmate power structure, prison gangs exploit the inherent helplessness resulting from overcrowded, understa ffed mega-prisons such as correctional staffers inability to watch these activities of the inmates every moment of each day, every moment of each hours to month after month (Fleisher & Decker, 2001).Although I have not mentioned many other prison gangs and organizations, prison gangs continue to increase in numbers and it is continuing to become a big problem in our society. After all, prisons are institutions supported by millions of taxes in order to rehabilitate these criminals into a better person and make them out of trouble, but unfortunately, prison system is where many street gang members learn the secrets of becoming highly professional criminals.Fleisher and Decker (2001) states that collaboration between correctional agencies and university researchers is a key to creating strong solutions to the difficult, persistent problem posed by prison gangs. Further researches and studies in this subject are required and solution to the problem must be operationalized immediately to prevent prison gangs from gaining stronger hold in communities, become better structured, and become much more powerful forces in the community. As we all dream and hope to increase the quality of our lives, dangerous issues and problems must be solved in order to fully achieve peace in our communities.

St. Augustine and Virgil’s Influence in Dante’s Inferno

Reaching an epiphany after a lengthy, perilous journey may expect like the content pertinent for mythological legends. However, the epic poems of St. Augustine, Virgil, and Dante share similar themes and have an important relevance to Christianity. Virgils The Aeneid follows the story of Aeneas who encountered hardships and affects to the underworld to maintain his destiny of establishing Rome.Dantes perdition follows a spiritually indigent Dante through the nine go of hell with the purpose of realizing simplicity and reuniting with his wife in heaven. Finally, St. Augustines Confessions are an autobiography that details the manners of its author in search of a spiritual awakening. An exploration of Dantes Inferno comprises inspirations and influences from the other two pieces of literature copiously in setting and subject matter.Virgils InfluenceVirgils The Aeneid influences Dantes charm through a definition of a hell that is composed of multiple stages and punishment intensi ties for its unfortunate inhabitants. Dantes Inferno reveals a journey through the nine rings of hell (Hunt et al. 369). Through his journey, Dante identifies different parts in hell where people are suffering from different punishments Minervino 2 based on their sins. In this hell, he journeys more in-depth into the rings to the pit that holds the most villainous characters in religious history such(prenominal) as Judas and Lucifer (Dante, Longfellow, and Dore 212).Comparably, Virgil had developed this narrative in his works, which were write before Dantes. Virgils The Aeneid shows Aeneas travel through different avenues of hell such as the Field of Mourning where adulterous suffered a horrid punishment (Puchner et al. 999). As they travel deeper into the underworld, Aeneas and Sybil come across a fortress where Rhadamanthus punishes the evilest people with intense torture (Virgil and Fagles 189). Virgils formation of the underworld has recognizable bearings on Dantes explication of hell. The structural and operational similarity is an affidavit of Virgils The Aeneids influence on Dantes Inferno.Moreover, Virgils narrative necessitates the assistance of a spiritual guide, a trope that Dante incorporated into the Inferno. The Aeneids protagonist, Aeneas, follows a Sybil also referred to as a priestess through the underworld (Virgil and Fagles 172). Similarly, Dante follows the ghost of a deceased poet called Virgil (Dante, Longfellow and Dore 4). One signifi washbasint similarity between the guides is their wisdom and strength (Puchner et al. 1465). They are decisive and very powerful such that they can travel around hell with little culmination to themselves and their special formulations. Dantes comparison of Virgil is an satirical guidance of Virgils clarification of the Sybil.St. Augustines InfluenceSt. Augustines Confessions also has a notable influence on the subject matter shown in Dantes Inferno. Unlike Virgils work, these two pieces of literature de tail colossal ramifications concerning religion. Dante and St. Augustines works are journeys to spiritual clarity (Enright Minervino 3 33).Dantes Inferno originates with a lost Dante wandering in a dark forest (Dante, Longfellow and Dore 1). However, he is unable to reach the light prompting him to turn back where he meets a guide, who promises to help him achieve righteousness and see his wife in heaven. Similarly St. Augustine travels the world without much purpose other than engaging in materialistic pleasures such as sexual exploration (Puchner et al. 1127).However, upon reaching the garden in Milan, he achieves clarity and conversion (St. Augustine and Pusey 106). Dante also achieves a similar epiphany upon exiting hell into the earth. This understanding suggests that St. Augustines Confessions had a profound ramification on Dantes Inferno.ConclusionSt. Augustine and Virgils works of literature had a profound influence on Dantes work. Virgils The Aeneid developed a conceptualiz ation of hell that Dante later suitable to his work. The visualization of a portioned hell that caters to sins differently based on their intensity appears prominently in either authors work. On the other hand, St. Augustines Confessions has an important influence on Dantes subject matter of a journey to redemption and eventual spiritual empowerment. Therefore, St. Augustine and Virgils works were important in developing the Epic poem Dantes Inferno.?

Coffee and Mission Essay

Analysis Of bursting charge And spate Statement Of Nokia Essays and Term Papers Search Results for abbreviation of mission and vision education of nokia Displaying 1 30 of 1,500 * Analysis Of cathexis And quite a little Statement Toyota Indus Motor Company Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement TOYOTA INDUS MOTOR COMPANY LTD. VISION STATEMENT To be the most respected and successful enterprise, delighting * Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement Toyota and working toward creating a prosperous society and clean world.ANALYSIS The vision avouchment of Toyota Indus Motors Company Ltd is clear and powerfully * Starbucks Coffee Mission And Vision Statement concise, and direct for the target audience. Starbucks combine Mission and Vision statement can be broken down into six key elements which are the followings Coffee * Mission And Vision Statement seems a bit unnecessary. KHULNA SHIPYARD LIMITED (KSY) Mission and vision statement of this organization have been written tactful ly and they are praise worthy* Mission And Vision Statement exact, measurable, and time-sensitive goals to guide my development however, the mission and the vision statement offer a solid foundation for building these goals * Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement Of Nokia. complex and challenging environment. Nokias mission/vision statement analysis In analysing Nokias mission/vision statement Ill be using the 9 essential * * published this * no reads * no comments * Saved * Mission And Vision Analysis Of Pso And Coca Cola order to meet the needs and satisfy the customers. Vision Analysis ConclusionOverall, Coca-Colas mission and vision statement defines its goals, policies * Analysis Of Mission And Vision Statement Of Nokia. B SAMPLE RESUME PERSONAL DETAILS * * published this * no reads * no comments * Add to your reading list * Tcs Mission And Vision Analysis Leading change, Learning and Sharing etc are getting reflected in its mission and vision statement.The core value excell ence is getting clearly reflected in the * * published this * no reads * no comments * Add to your reading list * Mission & Vision Statements theyve got their mission and vision confused. One is definitely not the other and two are mixed up in this statement. Today, our mission is to connect people * * published this * no reads * no comments * Add to your reading list * Starbucks Vision And Mission Statement obtain the organizations desired end state. Within the organizations mission and vision statements Starbucks Corporation states that listening to its customer needs.

Application of relevant principles and values Essay

In this assignment I leave alone be writing a report explaining how the application of relevant principles and values go forth allow professionals to provide holistic support for individuals, such as whoremaster and Amina, who use social services. Empowerment- Empowerment take to bes giving individuals a good heart and soul of information regarding themselves so that they be able to have a aver in decision making and choices about their own life. This is what is happening in fundaments life as he very happy remaining in his own council flat even though it would set much hotshot for him to be put into a cargon home, where he croupe be c atomic number 18d for at all times but his decision is that he wants to live on his own he will not be forced to do any social occasion but he can only receive information that he ask about things that he can do whenever he is ready. This derives magic trick in the way that it will lift his self-esteem. Making him sprightliness empower ed will make him bump that his say matters and that his thoughts and feelings are not being ignored. it will make him feel as if he is being respected and quieten considered as a responsible human being. As for the professional staff bread and butter him, enabling John to feel empowered may make them feel worry they are enhancing productivity and collaboration by working together with him.It may give them a sense of shared purpose. Promotion of choice- This is encouraging that all individuals need to be able to select, either free-livingly or with assistance, things desire options and activities which are specifically for them. Choice can be promoted by explaining to the individual what is important to them and might not be to others. In Aminas case she wants to study at university and this is her own choice and something that she unfeignedly wants to do and no one can stop her from abstracted that. Promotion of rights- This would be acknowledging and respecting somebodys in dividuality. This includes confidentiality, discrimination, age and race. John seems as if he isnt having problems concerning his rights because his neighbours seems to be trying their best to help him instead of distinguish against or seeing him as annoying because of his age. The promotion of choice and rights will benefit Amina because she will feel as if she is being acknowledged and that the steps are taken regarding her health are entirely up to hers and that she is not just going by what other populate think.It also means that Amina can say or do what she wants and is entitled and not feel as if it is okay because she hasalready been told that she will not be judged or ridiculed. This will make sharers feel satisfied in knowing that they are doing their job right and being fair to the service user. Recognition of service users- This is just recognising a vulnerable somebodys preferences. if this is acknowledged it makes working together easier. individuals like John may wi sh to state his preferences regarding the type of support that he wishes to receive, such as if a carer comes to his house on certain days of the week to check on him however he might not be comfortable with this being every(prenominal) day. The benefit of this is that it may give John the sense that he is still living independently despite of all the help that he may be receiving.It is important that he is not made to feel like everyone is making a big deal over him. It is important that he feels he is still allowed to stay in control of his daily life and activities. Carers may benefit from this by feeling like their job is made easier because if John is feeling independent the chances are that he will be a pleasure to work with. Involvement of individuals in planning their support- This is a person-centred approach to care. This means that care is center on the individual to ensure that independence and autonomy are promoted. Care workers should not make decisions without discu ssing and consulting the individual which is involved. For example, John wouldnt suddenly be certified that he is being moved into a care home without his own consent. Both John and the care worker benefit from this because they engage in conversation. John benefits out of this because, he is stating what he really wants as this is all about him, his interests and abilities so this means they have his best interest at heart and will provide him with what he is asking for.The care worker may benefit from this because collecting this information will help them long term as they are finding out things about John which they may have never really need. Respect for religious beliefs, moral beliefs, values and care- There is a divers(a) range of backgrounds in Britain and this means there is a wide range of behaviours and beliefs which should be recognised and valued. Living and working in a culturally and socially diverse society can benefit us because we are exposed to many a(prenomin al) different kinds of people and we learn from them and enjoy the things that they may have to share. For example, Amina would benefit if she was to be sent a duty social worker originally from South Africa and she may really get along with him/herbecause they might always proclaim great stories about South Africa and its wildlife and in turn the social worker may enjoy hearing Aminas stories about where and how she grew up, she would enjoy these visits from social services and would plausibly feel less like she is being interrogated all the time.This benefits both Amina and the duty social worker because they are both socialising and may gain novel found interests. Anti-discriminatory practice- Discrimination is caused by prejudice and that leads to negative behaviour. It is to treat someone differently because of their class or background without regard to the individual. Examples include, social, racial, religious, sexual, disability, ethnic and age link up discrimination. T here is also a danger of stereotyping or making assumptions about people because of the above factors, for example people may stereotype against an individual like John because he is older. The anti-discriminatory practice benefits John because it means that he doesnt have to worry about being discriminated against. The anti-discriminatory practice makes sure that an individual like John doesnt suffer from discrimination which means that his physical and psychological needs are not being ignored as discrimination leads to var. which could make his dementia worse.The care worker benefits from this because it means that there is less risk of Johns health deteriorating. Holistic approach- This would be considering all of a persons needs and providing opportunities for the needs to be met. This includes physical, intellectual, ruttish and social needs. Even though Amina has enough physical needs, this should not be the only thing that is being paid attention to. Perhaps her social wel l-being should also be acknowledged , this can be through with(p) by social workers suggesting things to her such as clubs where she can be involved in playing chess with her peers every once or twice a week. This would benefit Amina because it will mean that her mind will work better for a reasonable amount of time and it means that not only one part of her whole self is being considered. This will make the care worker feel as if they are doing their job properly because providing care for Aminas PIES means taking care of her as a whole. Working in partnership- This would be different health and social care agencies working together. Sharing good practice contributes to the support of vulnerable individuals.For example, when it comes to supporting John, the social worker and the doctor need to work together in order to share ideasand suggestions regarding Johns health support plan. This benefits John because many people working together to provide care for him means that there wil l be more than options for him since everyone has a say and there are more suggestions for him. This benefits the care worker because they are not working on their own, they have others to help them out and share each others ideas, that some people on their own wouldnt have been able to put together. A multi-disciplinary/inter-agency approach- This is different professions and services co-operating so that certain problems are avoided when planning support.Different options can be considered and resources can be offered to be included in the support plan in order for things to run smoothly for individuals like John, they may raise to refer him to local authorities and various organisations such as age concern in order for him to receive the best support. This also means that he will never run short of anything or people around him. This will provide a better outcome coming from the care workers as their job is made simpler because a well organised multi-disciplinary team can help avoid duplication of roles and conflicts of responsibilities between the different agencies, support plan tutor and John himself.Confidentiality- This means that an individual has a right to privacy and control over their personal details. if the individual has trusted you enough for them to reveal their information, it is important to carry through information provided by the individual confidential, it is also legal requirement. Sometimes this information needs to be passed on to another professional in Johns case, his doctor may need to pass on some information to his duty social worker but this must not be done unbeknownst to him. This benefits John because it means that sometimes he can let all of his thoughts out in confidence to somebody that he trusts and can feel as if a weight has been lifted of his shoulders this is because sometimes it is good to talk to someone about how you are feeling as it will help his emotional needs.This benefits the care worker because John ope ning up to them may make it easier for them to help him, advise him and hear his cry for help without having to wonder what he is really thinking. Fulfilling responsibilities- Care workers must follow the policies and procedures of the place in which they are employed and they must take full responsibility because they signed a contract. By doing this, they are safeguarding individuals like John who are in their care and are being good role models. This will also ensure thatpeople like John feel like they are actually being heard and that they are not alone and their needs are being fully met. This also benefits the care workers themselves because if John is satisfied then that gives them the heads up that they are meeting his needs and that they didnt come into the job to be unhelpful and a disappointment.

Incidences of Sexual Harassment: Cases from Nortern Cyprus

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION intimate torment is non a impertinently phenomenon. It has probably existed as long as close to(prenominal) perk upes have been in existence. Sexual worrying is bedevilment or unwanted attention of a knowledgeable nature. It includes a variety of appearances, including mild transgressions and annoyances to expert ab subroutines, which in like manner involves forced familiar use (Boland, 2002). Males as harassers and young-bearing(prenominal)s as victims atomic number 18 the most common types of inner curse (ODonohue et al, 1998).Research on inner uncoolgering usually falls into two categories (1) investigating the dimensions of internal torment, and (2) investigating the factors that influence an somebodys perception of familiar torment (Tata, 1993, cited in LaRocca, 1999). These factors include severity of the behavior, place setting in which the behavior occurs i. e. , power differentials, and incidental attributes of the persons inv olved i. e. , physical attractiveness.Rubin and Borges (cited in LaRocca, 1999) effect that nearly 70 % of the women they surveyed builded some form of knowledgeable worrying while attending classes at a university, and that majority of these knowledgeable torment incidents went unreported. Sexual harassment has been hold to be a widespread and recurring problem in employment as well as educational settings (LaRocca, 1999). Sexual harassment in prepares is accepted as a public health problem detrimental to students psychosomatic health (Gadin, 2002, cited in Witkowski, 2005).Awareness of harassment in an organization gives rise to mental di tense among individuals who have non been directly victimized (Schneider, 2001, cited in Witkowska, 2005). Studies have usually examined harassment and abuse in isolation rather than in the context of the total academic experience (Carr et al, 2006). Financial loss is a major consequence of internal harassment to organizations (Wo rsfold and McCann, 2000), and it is more(prenominal) expensive to ignore the problem of sexual urgeual harassment than to provide training to the employees and employers, or students as the grimace may be.Sexual harassment has negative repercussions on the individual, the organization, and the community in general (ODonohue, D receives, and Yeater, 1998). Headaches, backaches, nausea, saddle loss or gain, sleep disturbance, sleep with pain, tiredness and psychological concludes, such as depression, anxiety, fear, anger, shame, guilt, helplessness, isolation, lowered self-esteem, lowered self-confidence, and nervousness are common for twain run women and fe anthropoid college students who fall prey to sexual harassment (American link of University Women, 2002).College students are cognise to have forfeited work, look for, education comfort and even future career, collect to sexual harassment (American Association of University Women, 2002). Thacker (1996), further stat es that dinner dress education is an valuable factor in an individuals career and personal development, and so stunt flying or obstructing a persons educational accomplishment can have solemn consequences. Formerly, sexual harassment has been seen largely as an instance of fixity males sex pursuit of women in the workplace or classroom.However, researchers have begun to turn from strikeing sexual harassment as a problem between individuals, to a problem of organizational climate (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html). Thus, this understand hopes to shed light on the nature of the organizational climate of E. M. U. This is because driveing the perception of students on their understanding of what construes sexual behavior give provide an avenue for E. M. U to create and implement sexual harassment policies that pull up stakes provide a sexual harassment-free studying purlieu for students.It withal creates a foundation for further research. Schools may be conside red as workplaces for students, just as they are for adult employees (Witkowska and Menckel, 2005). The school is an arena for students first allude with working life, and a place where they spend a large proportion of their time. 1. 1 Rationale for the Study In the course of carrying out a study on the incidences of sexual harassment of trainees in the tourism and hospitality assiduity of conglutination Cyprus, the researcher found out that there was no clear runway definition of what sexual harassment means to these students.It is essential that we reformulate our focus to identify what sexual harassment means for students of E. M. U. The study hopes to provide info and abstractive evidence on the context in which E. M. U students perceive sexual harassment. To be successful in todays competitive organizational surroundings, it is important for the administration of Eastern Mediterranean University to realize the significance of a sexual harassment-free school environment. It is also important to understand how students feel close the issue.Without a absolved definition of what constitutes sexual harassment, it will be difficult for the university to identify and deal with it. Because of the increase in incidences of sexual harassment in high learning institutions (American Association of University Women, 2006), the negative psychological effects it has on students, e. g. , anxiety, tension, irritability, depression, headaches, lower m viva vocee, and the costs of lawsuit occlusions increasing all oer the world, it is with a pro-active view that this research looks at the locating of sexual harassment by students in E. MU.Previous studies have contended that the best way to reduce sexual harassment is through prevention (Newman, 2000, cited in Wanthanee et al, 2006). close of the studies that have examined sexual harassment have been conducted in the United States and other Western countries, thus the findings from these studies may not be app licable in North Cyprus, given the dispute in values and husbandry between countries. Social-sexual behaviors that may constitute sexual harassment in some countries may be perceived as pleasing in another (Hardman and Heidelberg, 1996, cited in Limpaphayom et al, 2006).Organizations need to establish effective sexual harassment policies and procedures, interventions and training programs to combat the problem (Newman, 2000, cited in Witowska, 2005). However, without a comm except accepted, behavioral establish definition of what constitutes sexual harassment, the degree to which the problem exists cannot be accurately assessed, an understanding of complaints and reactions cannot be r to each oneed, and organizations cannot accurately address the problem through policies or training (Nielson, 1996). More research is needed in terms of the effect of grammatical sexual practice difference on sexual harassment perceptions and reactions.Current belles-lettres based on the United St ates sample shows no clear consensus whether males and egg-producing(prenominal)s agree on what behaviors constitute sexual harassment. Perceived sexual urge difference on sexual harassment perceptions in other countries or cultures remain largely unexplored (Wanthanee et al, 2006). 1. 2 Aims of the Study Despite recent interest in sexual harassment in schools around the globe, research in North Cyprus and other European countries remains hold in. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the perception of male and womanly students of E. M.U in North Cyprus on sexual harassment. Thereby, the study aims to examine whether the sexual harassment construct varies across two particularized genders, comparing male and female samples as to what behaviors may be perceived as sexual harassment. The present study builds on previous exploratory studies on sexual harassment and attempts to add to the development of a commonly accepted, behavioral based definition of a hostile work or school environment by identifying specific behaviors perceived by students to create a hostile school environment. Therefore, the aims of this study are 1.To identify specific sexual behaviors perceived by students as lend to the creation of differing directs of a hostile work environment. 2. Identify how these perceptions vary across selected demographic factors. 3. Identify how these perceptions are formed. 4. Provide recommendations to E. M. U. concerning the development and implementation of sexual harassment policies and procedures. 1. 4 Scope Of The Study The study will discuss the definition, theories and effects of sexual harassment, with emphasis on perceived differences of male and female gender.It will also give details of the classifications and categories of sexual harassment, with in-depth review of past research on the topic. moreover, the study will focus on students who are registered full time in E. M. U. base on the findings of the study and pre vious research, solutions will be analyse and concluded. 1. 5 Outline of the Thesis The thesis has four chapters will comprise of 5 Chapters. Chapter One gives a background of the entire study, outlining a brief background of the topic, and stating the aims and objectives of the study.It also states the rationale as to why the subject of sexual harassment was elect for the study. Chapter Two presents a review of the literature. It discusses what previous researches have concluded about the definition, classification, effects and incidences of sexual harassment, placing emphasis on the perceived differences of males and females on sexual harassment. It will also give data about Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, where the sample will be taken.Chapter Three gives detailed information about how the data set for the study are collected. Data for the study were collected through survey of the students, with questions asked based on the 5 categories of sexual harassment. Thus, the research will use quantitative systemology, using target sampling method to collect primary data. Chapter Four presents the findings. This section presents a detailed report on the perception of the respondents on the context of sexual harassment, supported by the researchers conclusions based on past literature and research.Respondents are categorized based on how they report their perceptions, experiences, and how they feel about it. Chapter Five presents a discussion of the findings, limitations faced in collecting data, and the conclusion. In this final chapter, suggestions are proffered to the University administration on how to educate students on issues and policies of sexual harassment. Finally, future research areas are proposed. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2. 1 Defining Sexual HarassmentThe definition of sexual harassment espouse by the European Commission in 1991 refers to unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, or other conduct based on sex affect the dignit y of women or men at work. This includes unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct (Witkowska, 2005). According to Dziech et al (1990), sexual harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a sexual nature. It includes a variety of behaviors that include mild transgressions, serious abuses, and can involve forced sexual activity.EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) in the United States, defines sexual harassment as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, when meekness to or rejection of such conduct is used as the basis for employment decisions touch an individual, or where such conduct has the purpose or effect of hinder unreasonably with the individuals work performance, or creates an offensive, hostile or intimidating working environment. (US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1992, cited in Limpaphayom et al, 2006).One mind difficulty in defining sexual harassment is that spat e with different demographic and/or social backgrounds have different perceptions of what sexual harassment consists of (Foulis and McCabe, 1997, cited in Lin, 2004). Inconsistencies and disagreements on what actually constitutes a hostile working environment and the degree to which sexual harassment is present in the workplace may be the result of two important factors first, sampling differences found in previous research, and second, lack of a commonly accepted, behavioral based definition of sexual harassment (Nielson, 1996).In November 1993, the Supreme court handed down a decision in Harris versus Forklift Systems Inc, that no longer required complainants to prove that a hostile or ignominious environment caused them psychological injury- the complainant needed to simply show that the defendants behavior was either physically forbidding or humiliating or unreasonably interfered with his or her work (Reynolds, 1994, cited in Nielson, 1996).Based on the above decision, it is c lear that there is still no accepted definition of sexual harassment. one-on-one interpretation is inherent in the identification of a hostile work environment. Behavior that is considered harassing by one individual may not be harassment to someone else, and the reason for these differences in perceptions remain unclear. Sexual harassment waits to be in the eyes of the person being harassed, and it is left to the courts to decide what constitutes acceptable or unacceptable behavior.Although the researcher realizes that it is difficult to define the exact boundaries of sexual harassment, for the purpose of this study, sexual harassment is defined as unacceptable conduct of a sexual nature, or other conduct based on sex that interferes with a students right to a supportive, respectful and safe learning environment in school, or that affects a students dignity in a negative way. This definition includes both the quid pro quo and hostile work environment types of harassment listed by the European Commission, which captures a broad range of behaviors so as to better give away the nature of sexual harassment in school.Also, because schools are mainly educational institutions, it is necessary to evaluate standards of school behavior related to sexual harassment in a broader learning context than is the case for working adults. 2. 2 Theories of Sexual Harassment. 1. Sociobiology- This perspective argues that males are biologically programmed to be sexual aggressors and that sexual behavior in the workplace is an aspect of biological inheritance (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html).Proponents of this theory agree that though sexual behavior in the workplace is inappropriate, it is however, unavoidable, and argue that acting in accordance with ones biological impulses should not be considered offensive or illegal ( Murrey, 2000). 2. Patriarchy- This perspective holds that men have social, political and economic power over women, and women are defined by the arrangement as sexual in nature (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html). In some cultures, women are confined to the home as wives and mothers and female children are not clumply educated.In other cultures (such as that of the researcher of the present survey, in Nigeria), women are not confined to the home, but, stereotypes about appropriate male and female behavior assign women a subordinate sexualized identity. Proponents of this theory believe that social structure must change before harassment can be eliminated. This can be done if both men and women are taught about the nature of stereotyping, and there are no links between power and sexuality (Barth and Raymon, 1995). 3.Culture- This perspective maintains that men and women are socialized into different cultures, different beliefs, values and ways of communication (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html). Proponents here believe that traditionally, the workplace has been a male culture where men joke and tease each other, and talk about women in a not too respectful manner, so, women who want to enter this scene should not expect men to change their culture in a minute however men must learn to work along with women in the workplace (Taylor, J. K, 1999).Another argument here is that, suggesting that comments about sex are more offensive to women than men is stereotyping and it is gender discrimination, so the culture of the workplace should be a culture of respect towards all persons. 4. Discourse-The rambling perspective holds that communication creates and shapes social reality, so that communicative practices create assumptions about the nature of the world, which influence our opinions and behavior (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. tml). This means that feelings and emotions are defined and taught so that people who harass and people who are harassed come to feel these behaviors are form. Until recently, incidences of sexual harassment were not seen as inappropriat e, but instead seen as normal in mens conduct towards women (Wood, J, 1994). 2. 3 Classification of Sexual Harassment Hadjifotou (1983) classified sexual harassment into 5 categories 1. Sexual remarks, jokes, catcalls, whistling and teasing, or personal remarks about parts of the body, particularly legs, breast and hair.These forms of harassment are the hardest to identify and tackle. 2. Suggestive look and gestures, staring and leering. Such unwanted behavior is threatening because there is no immediate escape at work. Ignoring this behavior carries the risk of the harasser increasing his actions acknowledging the harassers interest may be taken as acceptance and complaining may be difficult if the harasser has power over the womans job. For example, a lady narrated how her boss will stand with his hands in his pockets as if rubbing his genitals. (Farley, p. 116, cited in Hadjifotu, 1983). . Persistent demands for dates and sexual favors either from a supervisor or co-worker. Direc t questions and comments of the sort cannot be easily ignored. Two scenarios may result from this rejection or avoidance of the harasser may fuel the myth that women like to play hard to get, and/or it may be difficult to persuade the harasser that his attentions are unwanted. An example is given of a woman whose boss visited her at odd hours during her night shift, postulation her to have an affair with him, a night out, an afternoon, or just half an hour. (Night Nurse p. 4, cited in Hadjifotou, 1983). 4. Touching, pinching, caressing and hugging. A familiar excuse for this type of behavior is that it demonstrates friendship, but when the action is unwanted and repeated, it cannot be mistaken for genuine concern for a persons well-being. (Kitchen Helper, p. 67, cited in Hadjifotou, 1983. ) 5. Violent sexual assault, rape or attempted rape. Such cases account for a very small proportion of sexual harassment at work. Fitzgerald et al (1988), using Tills (1980) study on sexual harass ment of college women, identified how sexual harassment progresses.This study describes 5 categories of sexual harassment which are all similar to that of Hadjifotou (1983) above to describe the 5 levels of sexual harassment 1 -gender harassment generalized sexist remarks and behavior. 2 -seductive behavior inappropriate and offensive, but essentially sanction-free, sexual advances. 3 -sexual transplant solicitation of sex activity or other sex linked behavior by promise of rewards. 4 -sexual coercion coercion of sex activity by threat of punishment. 5 -sexual assault gross sexual imposition Fitzgerald et al (1988) believe that gender harassment is perceived as the east serious behavior of sexual harassment, while sexual assault is perceived as the most serious of all the behaviors of sexual harassment. This means that the 5 levels of sexual harassment that have been identified is on a 1 to 5 scale where 1 is equal to less severe and 5 is equal to most severe. However, it is believ ed that gender harassment often leads to eventual sexual assault. Pattinson (1991) states that though sexual harassment does not just involve having sexual intercourse, it is more often than not the extremum motivation. 2. 4 Effects Of Sexual Harassment on University StudentsIt is difficult to assess the actual extent of the effects of sexual harassment as a whole. though many studies indicate the issue to be widespread and take a serious toll on the victim, critics say that many studies get response only from people who have experienced sexual harassment, and such experiences might be exaggerated (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html). In schools however, many scholars complain that sexual harassment remains an inarticulate secret, with teachers and administrators refusing to admit the problem exists in their schools, thereby, not accepting their legal and ethical responsibilities to deal with it. Dziech and Weiner, 1990). A 2002 study of students in the 8th to 11th gra de, undertaken by the American Association of University Women (AAUW), revealed that 83% of girls have been sexually harassed and 28% of boys have been sexually harassed, by teachers and colleagues, (AAUW, 2002). Also in the associations study, it was reported that 62% of female college students and 61% of male college students have been sexually harassed in their universities, with 80% of the reported harassments being peer-to-peer (AAUW, 2006).Headaches, backaches, nausea, numeratet loss or gain, sleep disturbance, neck pain, tiredness and psychological reactions, such as depression, anxiety, fear, anger, shame, guilt, helplessness, isolation, lowered self-esteem, lowered self-confidence, and nervousness are common for university students who fall prey to sexual harassment (AAUW, 2002). College students are known to have forfeited work, research, education comfort and even future career, due to sexual harassment (AAUW, 2002).Thacker, (1996) argues that formal education is an impo rtant factor in an individuals career and personal development, and so stunting or obstructing a persons educational accomplishment can have severe consequences. Further negative effects include lower morale, ebbd job satisfaction, and poor time-keeping (Stanford and Gardiner, 1993). Previous researches have shown that over a period of time, even low level frequent sexual harassment can lead to fundamental negative consequences for student victims. (Schneider et al, 1997).According to Hadjifotou (1983), common effects on the college victims are Decreased work or school performance, and increased absenteeism. pass jump on of job or career, which in turn leads to loss of income. Having to drop courses, change academic plans. Defamation of character and reputation. Loss of reference and/or recommendations. In addition to the above, a survey of 903 female students conducted by Fitzgerald et al in 1988 (cited in Lin, 2006), at a University in the US Midwest, reported that victims of sexual harassment did not report their experiences because of 3 reasons 1.They felt they might not be believed. 2. They did not want to cause trouble or be labeled as trouble do workrs. 3. They rather dealt with the problem themselves or, they had not perceived it as serious enough to be reported. 2. 5 Effects of Sexual Harassment on the Organization and the Community Sexual harassment is a widespread and continuing problem in workplaces and schools that cuts through occupational and professional categories, age groups, educational backgrounds, racial and ethnic groups and affects everybody (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html).On October 6, 1991, Anita Hill, a University Law Professor, notified the United States Judiciary Commission that she had been repeatedly harassed by Judge Clarence Thomas, a chapiter DC Circuit Judge nominated to sit on the US Supreme court by President Bush. This incidence, Anita reported, occurred a decade earlier when they both worked at t he US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Barton and Eichelberger, 1994). The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) reported a $1 million settlement of a class action lawsuit against embellish Culinary Systems, Inc. and Townsend Culinary, Inc. lleging egregious sexual harassment of 22 Hispanic women at a food treat plant in Laurel, Maryland. The suit charged the companies with routinely subjecting the female workers, all recent immigrants from Central America who spoke limited English, to unwanted groping and plain requests for sexual favors by male managers and co-workers over several years (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html). The governor of Osaka was ordered to hand $ 107,000 to a university student in Japans largest sexual harassment verdict, a ruling described as revolutionary in the size of the award and one that is expected to lead to more court cases.Japan has seen a maturation number of lawsuits since a revised labor law prohibiting sex ual harassment and sex discrimination took effect last April. In July, a court awarded $87,000 to a woman who said she was harassed and forced into a sexual relationship by a piano teacher while she was a university student (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html). WR Grace & Co agreed to a $1 million settlement in a sexual harassment suit. Managers at a food processing expertness in Maryland were charged by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission with the harassment of 22 female workers from Central America.The violations included the demanding of oral sex, touching of the women and exposing themselves to the women. According to commission officials, two pregnant women who refused the mens advances were fired (www. de2. psu. edu/harssment/generalinfo. html). As is seen in the examples above, financial loss is a major consequence of sexual harassment to organizations (Worsfold and McCann, 2000), and it is more expensive to ignore the problem of sexual harassment than to provide training to the employees and employers.Government officials are not left out in the criticisms and lawsuits levied against them on sexual harassment matters. In a 1990 survey of employees of the US Defense Department (Barton and Eichelberger, 1994), 64 percent of the findings in the military reported that they had endured sexual harassment while in service. Also surveyed are the cases of at least a dozen Senior Naval Officers who had been reassigned or demoted over charges of them harassing female Officers at a Las Vegas convention in the summer of 1991 (Barton and Eichelberger, 1994).ODonohue et al (1998), summarize some of the effects of sexual harassment on the organizations as follows -Decreased productivity when sexual harassment occurs in the workplace, the individuals involved will be psychologically affected and may not perform as well as they ought. -Increased absenteeism of ply staff that experience sexual harassment behaviors in the workplace tend to make ex cuses for not showing up for work. Increased healthcare costs and sick pay costs in organizations where sexual harassment behaviors are prevalent, staff will incur more healthcare and sick pay costs during post harassment treatment. -Decreased ethical standards and discipline in the organization organizations that condone sexual harassment behaviors and do not do anything about it will find a decrease in their ethical standards and discipline because employees will act in anyway they like knowing there will be no consequences. This is also bad for victims as they will feel no one cares about their predicament. Legal costs if complainants take issue to court when victims file lawsuits against organizations, costs are incurred in settling the complainants or paying for the services of attorneys. 2. 6 Effects of Sexual Harassment on the Individual Rubenstein (1992) identifies anxiety, tension, irritability, depression, headaches, sleeplessness, fatigue and deterioration of personal rel ationships as stress related consequences of sexual harassment. Further negative effects on the individual include lower morale, decreased job satisfaction, and poor time-keeping (Stanford and Gardiner, 1993).Previous researches have shown that over a period of time, even low level frequent sexual harassment can lead to significant negative consequences for the victim (Schneider et al, 1997). 2. 7 sexuality Differences In Sexual Harassment Sensitivity Gender has been a dominant aspect of sexual harassment research and has been shown to be a predictor of sexual harassment sensitivity (Crow et al, 1995). Research by Crow et al also suggests that males and females, do, in fact, differ in sensitivity to harassment.Major differences were found in the reaction to harassment of a non-sexual nature where women were more likely than men to perceive a given incident as harassment. As human beings, we grow up to be aware of who we are through being exposed to particular interpretations of wha t it is to be human- in this case, either male or female, masculine or powder-puff (Linstead et al, 2005). Traditionally, sexual harassment sensitivity has been looked at in terms of social-sexual behaviors based on gender (Crow et al, 1995).The traditional view from research is that gender has a significant impact on sex-role behaviors and sexual behaviors. It has become apparent that men and women automatically have different orientations towards sexually-related behaviors, which in turn results in different perceptions to sexual harassment (Reilly et al, 1986, cited in Crow et al, 1995). Tangri et al in their 1982 study (cited in Lin, 2006), state that females are more sexually attractive and so are more socially disadvantaged than their male counterparts. Therefore, Lin (2006) argues that females are more vulnerable to harassment than the males.Males as harassers and females as victims is the most common type of sexual harassment (ODonohue et al, 1998). Men seem to be more tole rant of sexual harassment than women and tend to rate hypothetical scenarios and specific social behaviors as less harassing than women (Gutek, 1985 cited in Crow et al, 1995). Women are assumed to resent sexual overtures at work and tend to react more negatively to sexual harassment scenarios than men. Gender differences occur because men and women weigh information about the victim and the harasser differently (Carr et al, 1999).Men tend to be more influenced by incidental behaviors of the victim. For example, Pryor and Day, in their 1988 research (cited in Carr et al, 1999), found that men were more influenced than women by the information of how the victim dressed, thereby, attributing more blame to the victim than the harasser. Researchers of past surveys have had difficulty in defining sexual harassment and have attempted to identify behaviors that constitute sexual harassment by respondents of their survey (Worsfold and McCann, 2000).However, the most commonly reported forms of sexual harassment are gender related derogatory remarks, suggestive looks, and sexual comments ( Stanford and Gardiner, 1983). CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 1. Introduction This chapter outlines the research method, research design, and the research sample. The research method gives detailed information about the type of research that was utilized for this study and gives reasons why it was used. It also gives information on the kind of data that will be collected and which sources will be used.The research design gives information on the survey instrument used for the study, explaining the questions and their source. The research sample provides the reader with the population used for this survey and the reason why it was used for this study. 2. Research Methodology This research is an inquiry into the perceived differences on sexual harassment between male and female students of EMU, examining the size of the gender difference within specific behavioral categories in an attempt to iden tify those behaviors that produce the largest difference and provide accurate information about the actual size of the gender difference.Thus, this study uses the quantitative approach to test the hypotheses. The aim for using this method is to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the hypotheses hold true. The researcher uses questionnaires to collect data, and remains objectively uninvolved from the subject matter of the research. 3. Survey A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.Questionnaires were chosen for this research because this research involves a large sample, thereby making data entry and tabulation easier to analyze. Also, questionnaire surveys are familiar to most people, and generally do not make people apprehensive in answering questions. In addition, the researchers own opinions will not influence the respondent to answer questions in a ce rtain manner, reducing bias, and also are less intrusive than telephone or face-to-face surveys, as the respondent is free to complete the questionnaire on his/her own time-table. 3. 1 Questionnaire DesignThis survey is designed to provide information distinguishing between reactions to both pervasiveness and severity of particular behaviors, as well as to provide information distinguishing between reactions to gender harassment, seductive behavior and sexual imposition. The questionnaire design used for this research was adopted from Nielson (1996). Nielson (1996) examined the perception of sexual harassment, focusing on the female shoes professionals perspective. Self administered questionnaires will be given to respondents with assurance that data will only be used for this thesis research and not for any other purpose.The items of the survey instrument will be prepared in English and then translated into Turkish by using the back transmutation method. There will be a pilot stu dy of students who will be given questionnaires to complete, so that the researcher could confirm if the questionnaire was well understood by the respondents. After confirming the questions were understood, the researcher will hand out the questionnaires to students in various classrooms after taking permission from the University administration. Questionnaires returned by the espondents will be analyzed using Windows SPSS 0. 8 and used according to the respective objectives and occasions. 300 questionnaires will be distributed. Demographic explanations for differing perceptions of sexual harassment will be tested based on the following research and proposed hypothesis. Based on the assumption that females are inclined to find social sexual behavior (dating and flirting) as more severe than boys, this study proposes that H1- Female students will perceive potentially harassing behavior as more severe than male students.Research found that men were more influenced than women by the in formation of how the victim dressed, thereby, attributing more blame to the victim than the harasser. Based on this information, the study proposes that H2- male students will judge the victim more harshly than female students. Research shows that a persons previous experience with regard to sexual harassment influences gender difference in perceptions of sexual harassment (Blakely et al, 1992, cited in Nielson, 1996).This means that if one has experienced sexual harassment behaviors, he/she will be more conscious and less tolerant of behavior considered as harassment. Based on this, this study proposes that H3- students who respond to having been sexually harassed will perceive potentially harassing behavior as more severe than those who respond to not having been sexually harassed. Previous research shows that studies investigating sexual harassment has tended to exclude behaviors which are perceived to have a low potential to harass and have also provided respondents with limited responses.In attempting to deal with these issues, this survey utilized in this study is designed to measure students perceptions of a wide range of actual workplace behaviors which create varying levels of a hostile work environment. Within this variety of behaviors, both severity and frequency of the behavior will be manipulated. Therefore, the continuum to be used for this study is as follows 1. Likely to consider it a compliment 2. Socially acceptable behavior 3. Annoying, but not likely to affect my studies 4. Disturbing to the point of affecting my studies, but no formal complaint 5.Basis for formal complaint, but not a lawsuit. 6. Basis for a lawsuit. The use of response options beyond formal complaint is to enhance the identification of behaviors that create a hostile work environment. Though such behaviors are typically not reported, they may have an inauspicious effect on the victims productivity, moral absenteeism and turnover. 3. 2 Survey Items. 1. chit-chat your hair looks nice 2. note have you lost weight? 3. Comment you have nice legs 4. Comment your skirt is very short 5. Comment your neckline is very low 6. Comment your clothe fit like a boxing glove . Comment you have an attractive build 8. adversary sex touches your hands 9. Opposite sex touches your arms/shoulder 10. Opposite sex asking for a date 11. Opposite sex touches your back 12. Opposite sex telling off-color jokes 13. Student forced into sex in school 14. Opposite sex asking for sexual favors 15. Opposite sex touches your breasts 16. Hugs with caresses from opposite sex 17. Opposite sex touches your buttock 18. Opposite sex describing sexual abilities 19. Opposite sex staring, persistently 20. Observing peers having sex in the school environment 21.Peers discussing sexually related stories 22. magazines with pictures of people scantily clothed 23. Opposite sex touches your face 4. Research ensample The questionnaire survey will focus on students of E. M. U. in North Cyprus , who are registered as full time students. Purposive sampling is a sampling method in which elements are chosen based on purpose of the study. Purposive sampling may involve studying the entire population of some limited group (example, sociology faculty at Bilkent University) or a subset of a population (example, EMU faculty who has won a Nobel Prizes).As with other non-probability sampling methods, goal-directed sampling does not produce a sample that is representative of a larger population, but it can be exactly what is needed in some cases study of organization, community, or some other clearly defined and relatively limited group. In this study, purposive sampling method was used, as the researcher obstinate to focus on students whose profiles are given above to get the specific information for the research. Table 3. 1 Questionnaire This questionnaire survey aims to investigate the perception of male and female students of EMU on sexual harassment.The researcher wishes to f ind out from you, whether the sexual harassment construct varies across two specific genders, comparing male and female samples as to what behaviors may be perceived as sexual harassment. Due to the sensitivity of the topic, be assured that whatever you say or write is stringently confidential and cannot be traced back to you, as you are not requested to write your name or any other personal information. Please answer the questions honestly and sincerely, as it is important for the output of this research. 1.What is your gender? a. Male b. Female 2. What age group are you? a. 16-20 b. 20-24 c. 25-28 3. What is your educational level at EMU? a. social class 1 b. Year 2 c. Year 3 d. Year 4 e. Graduate student. 4. What is your nationality? 5. For each of the scenarios depicted below, how would you rate such behavior? (In reference to the school environment). Kindly mark X in boxes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 (as applicable to you). Where 1= Likely to consider it a compliment. 2= Socially acce ptable behavior. 3= Annoying, but not likely to affect my studies. = Disturbing to the point of affecting my studies, but no formal complaint 5= Basis for formal complaint, but not a lawsuit. 6= Basis for a lawsuit. 1 2 3 4 56 1. Comment your hair looks nice 2. Comment have you lost weight? 3. Comment you have nice legs 4. comment your skirt is very short 5. Comment your neckline is very low 6. Comment your clothes fit like a glove 7. Comment you have an attractive build 8. Opposite sex touches your hands 9. Opposite sex touches your arms/shoulders 10.Opposite sex asking for a date 11. Opposite sex touches your back 12. Opposite sex telling off-color jokes 13. Student forced into sex in school 14. Opposite sex asking for sexual favors 15. Opposite sex touches your breasts 16. Hugs with caresses from opposite sex 17. Opposite sex touches your buttocks 18. Opposite sex describes sexual abilities 19. Opposite sex staring, persistently 20. Observing peers having sex in the school envi ronment 21. magazines with pictures of people scantily clothed 22. Peers discussing sexually related stories 23. Opposite sex touches your face 6.Please define what sexual harassment means to you- Thank you very much for taking time out to help me in my research.For more information, or if you have problems filling out the questions, or if theres anything you wish to talk about/discuss, please contact me E-mail emailprotected com. Reference AAUW (2002) unpeaceful Hallways Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School, Research by Harris Interactive American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, 11 11 Sixteenth street, Washington D. C. ISBN 1-879922-28-2. AAUW (2006) lottery the Line Sexual Harassment on Campus, National Conference for College Women Student Leaders Summit on Sexual harassment, American Association of University Women, Washington D. C. , 20036. Anderson, J and Poole, M. (1994), Assignment & Thesis Writing, John Wiley and sons, New York. Pp24-3 0. Barth, A. J. , and Raymon, P. 1995), The Naive misuse of power Non-conscious Sources of Sexual Harassment, diary of Social Issues, 51 (1) pp 85-95. Barton, L. , Eichelberger, J. (1994) Sexual Harassment Assessing the need for corporal policies in the workplace. hatful 7, Number 1, pp 24-28, MCB Press, 095 3-3230. Boland, M. L. (2002), Sexual harassment Your Guide to Legal Action, Naperville, Illinois, Sphinx Publishing, 2002. Fitzgerald, L. F. , Shullman, S. L. , Bailey, N. , Richards, M. , Swecker, J. , Gold, Y. , Ormerod, M. , and Weitzman, J. (1988), The Incidence and Dimensions of Sexual Harassment in Academia and the Workplace, Journal of vocational Behavior, 32, 152-175.Hadjifotiou, N. (1983), Women and Harassment at Work, Pluto Press Limited, Australia and London. Lin, Y. H. (2006), The incidence of Sexual Harassment of students while undergoing practicum training experience in the Taiwanese hospitality industry Individuals reaction and relationships to perpetrators, Jo urnal of Tourism Management, 27, 51-68. ODonohue, W. , Downs, K. , and Yeater, E. A. (1998), Sexual harassment A review of the literature, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3 (2), 111-128. Pahlavan, N. (2006), Investigation of sources of funds in Restaurants in T. R. N. C. Masters thesis, september 2006, gazimagusa, North Cyprus. pp30-44.Reyner, C. , Sheehan, M. and Barker, M. (1999), Theoretical approaches to the study of Bullying at Work, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 20, No. ? , pp11-15. Rubenstein, M. (1992), Preventing and Remedying Sexual harassment at work A Resource Manual, Eclipse, London. Schneider, K. T. , Swan, S. , and Fitzgerald, L. F. (1997), Job related and Psychological effects of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Empirical Evidence from 2 Origins, Journal of applied Psychology, Volume 82, Number 3, pp 401-410. Stanford, J. , and Gardiner, J. (1993), Sexual Harassment how it happens and how to beat it, The Industrial Society, London. Taylor, J. K. 1999), What to do when you dont want to call the Cops, New York NY University books, p 8. Thacker, R. A. (1996), A Descriptive Study of Situational and Individual Influences upon Individuals Responses to Sexual Harassment, Human Relations, 49 (8), 1105-1122. Thomas, M. (2005), Bullying among support staff in a higher education institution, Journal of Health Education, Vol. 105, No. 4. pp 273-288. Worsfold, P. , and McCann, C. (2000), Supervised Work Experience and Sexual Harassment, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Volume 12, Number 4, pp 249-255. Woods, J. (1994), Saying it makes it so The Discursive Construction of

Is Facebook Making You Mean? Essay

engine room has taken all over in the 21st century the influence of the internet kittynot be underestimated. Life is not as it employ to be-the communal relationships that thrived before the internet age have been replaced by secluded living. Undoubtedly, applied science has changed the conventional trends of man relations and processes into liberal and dynamic patterns.Sherry Turkle in Connectivity and its Discontents explores how technology has extended the distance surrounded by people technology controls the connections between people. According to Turkle (p. 619), Technology makes it easy to communicate when we wish and to disengage at will. Human relations atomic number 18 characterized by confusion today, as people do not identify between being close and apart. Even in an audience, people are busy with their technology gadgets though the physical presence is evident, the conscious is far away. An psychoanalysis on Turkles article explores the dissociative constituti on of technology, and it effect on humans. Historically people confined in unrivaled another but at present technology has become the new way of defending people from loneliness (Turkle, 619).The effects of technology are not only being felt in human relationships, but also in our cognitive abilities. As Nicholas Carr puts it in the article, Is Google making Us doltish? The internet has become the universal medium by which information flows through my ears and eyes to the brain. (p. 1) Carrs article highlights that the internet has eroded the contentedness of humans to melt off and contemplate on what they read. Instead of reading texts for comprehension, technology has transformed people into passive readers who skim over literature the vast information on the internet allows them to access content easily hence, avoiding the conventional eagle-eyed reading. Carr points out on Scott Karp, an online media writer who confesses of having stopped reading books because of the avai lability of information on the internet (Carr, 2). An analysis of Carrs article and the contemporary trends show that people are shifting to online reading to avoid the conventional reading. Even with online reading, numerous people are reading quickly through titles and contents without having deep comprehension. Thus, the capacity to present texts in a deep and meaningful way is slowly fading away because of extensive internet use.Lauren Tarshis in Is Facebook Making You Mean asserts that social media has given young people a chopine to connect and share ideas, but the liberal online space can be detrimental if it is not used in the right way. According to Tarshis, jokes on Facebook can go far and hurt feelings of people curiously when posting offensive and embarrassing comments. Teenagers should learn to be more sensitive while posting comments on Facebook (Tarshis, 18). An analysis of the article draws the conclusion that without the physical connection between people, it is often easy to overlook emotions in online communication. Offensive comments and perceptions stem from the lack of physical and emotional touch between people.The three articles connect with one another by exposing the effects of technology on human relations. Technology has contributed to passiveness in human relations as advanced by Turkle and Tarshis. Technology creates an emotional and physical distance between people, which can translate into hurting one another as elaborated by Tarshis. Moreover, technology contributes to individual passivity where by people are not in a position to read texts comprehensively and interpret meaningfully. Indeed, technology is a medium of massive influence on modern man only m can tell to what extent it will affect human relations and processes.ReferencesCarr, Nicholas. Is Google Making Us Stupid? The Atlantic. The Atlantic, July 2008. Thurs. 13 June. 2014.Tarshis, Lauren. Is Facebook Making You Mean? Scholatic.com/scope. Scholastic Press. 5 S ept. 2011. Thurs. 13 June 2014.Turkle, Sherry. Connectivity and Its Discontents. Fields of Reading. Ed. Nancy Comley et.al. Boston Bedford, 2013. 619-623. Print.Source memorial

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

I did not understand why I had to nonplus a seek class when all I wanted to do was be a staff nurse in a critical c be unit. interrogation? Evidence- base practice? wherefore ar these topics in the nurse program? I commit enough to do just learning all the electrical capacity in my clinical courses. What do inquiry and grounds have to do with grooming my help for abilities? I trust the faculty, the textbooks, and clinical experience to prep ar me for breast feeding. Im already getting what I destiny to know. That was my earlier attitude. Now that I am practicing, I have a untried appreciation for breast feeding inquiry and the evidence it provides for application to practice.I have an entirely different way of addressing clinical questions. Im starting to ask questions well-nigh how I can improve the handle I take to diligents and how I can be involved in my workplaces efforts to improve c argon for the patients it serves. I have discovered by purposeful reading i n my practice area that query reports and look into summaries contain umteen implications that apply to practice in the critical mission unit. QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER WHILE drill THIS CHAPTER 1 How can faculty encourage assimilators to read re take care journals?2 How does re look for affect nursing practice? 3 How can nurses motivate colleagues to base their practice on look into? KEY foothold clinical nurse researcher (CNR) An advanced practice nurse who is doctorally prepared and demands and participates in clinical research. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) An advanced practice nurse who provides direct consider to clients and participates in health t individuallying and research. Clinical practice guideline (CPG) an evidence-based guide to clinical practice waxed by experts in a particular ? eld for direct application in clinical environments.Control group Subjects in an test who do not receive the experimental intercession and whose performance provides a basel ine against which the effects of the manipulation can be measured. When a true experimental fig is not utilise, this group is usually called a comparison group. Data collection The branch of acquiring existing information or developing new information. 104 nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 105 Empirical Having a free-baseation based on data gathered with the senses (e. g. , observation or experience) rather than purely through theorizing or logic.descriptive anthropology A qualitative research method for the purpose of investigating cultures that involves data collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. Evidence-based practice The mathematical process of systematically ? nding, appraise, and using research ? ndings as the bag for clinical practice. Experimental design A design that includes randomization, a control group, and manipulation between or among variables to examine probability and causality among selected variables for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena. Generalizability The inference that ?ndings can be generalized from the test to the entire population. Grant Proposal developed to seek research stock certificateing from private or national agencies. Grounded theory A qualitative research design used to collect and analyze data with the mother of developing theories grounded in real-world observations. This method is used to ask a social process. Meta-analysis Quantitative merging of ? ndings from some(prenominal) studies to determine what is known approximately a phenomenon. Methodologic design A research design used to develop the validity and reliability of instruments that measure research concepts and variables.Naturalistic paradigm A holistic view of genius and the direction of science that guides qualitative research. Needs assessment A study in which the researcher collects data for estimating the ineluctably of a group, usually for resourc e allocation. Phenomenology A qualitative research design that uses inductive descriptive methodology to describe the lived experiences of study participants. Pilot study A smaller version of a proposed study shell outed to develop or re? ne methodology, such as treatment, instruments, or data collection process to be used in a larger study.Qualitative research A systematic, subjective snuggle used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Quantitative research A formal, objective, systematic process used to describe and test analogyships and examine cause-and-effect interactions among variables. Quasi-experimental research A eccentric person of valued research study design that lacks one of the components (randomization, control group, manipulation of one or more variables) of an experimental design. Randomization The assignment of subjects to treatment conditions in a random manner (determined by chance alone).Secondary analysis A research design in which data previ ously collected in another study are analyzed. State-of-the-science succinct A merging of ? ndings from several studies appertaining the same topic. Examples include meta-analysis with a quantitative approach and integrative surveil with a descriptive approach. Survey A nonexperimental research design that instructiones on mystifying information regarding the status quo of a situation, often through direct questioning of participants. Triangulation The use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same concept. LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, the reader will be able to1 add together major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing. 2 value the in? uence of nursing research on menstruum nursing and health care practices. 3 check among nursing research methods. 4 Evaluate the calibre of research studies using accomplished criteria. 5 enrol in the research process. 6 Use research ? ndings to improve nursing practice. 10 6 UNIT ONE The tuition of Nursing CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides basic companionship regarding the research process and the ultimate immenseness of evidence-based nursing practice.The intent is to move an appreciation for nursing research and to show how it can improve nursing practice and how results can be translated into health policy. Nursing research is de? ned as a systematic approach used to examine phenomena heavy to nursing and nurses. A summary of major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing is presented. A description of private and public organizations that broth research is given, and their research priorities are listed. Major research designs are brie? y described, and examples of each are given.Nurses of all fosterageal levels are promote to participate in and promote nursing research at varying degrees. The process of locating research and evidence for practice is reviewed. Students are introduced to the resear ch process and guided in the process of critically appraising published research and research syntheses. Ethical issues related to research are examined, and historical examples of u give the axehical research are given. The functions of the institutional review board (IRB) and the use of informed consent in protecting the rights of gentleman subjects are emphasized.DEFINITION OF care for RESEARCH Research is a process of systematic inquiry or study to configuration knowledge in a discipline. The purpose of research is to develop an empirical ashes of knowledge for a discipline or profession. Speci? cally, research validates and re? nes existing knowledge and develops new knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). The results of research process provide a foundation on which practice decisions and behaviors are laid. Research results get to a strong scienti? c base for nursing practice, especially when deliberately and carefully evaluated for application to speci?c clinical topics (Mel nyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2005). In recent decades the nursing discipline has begun to pay much greater attention to the exigency of participating in research. Nursing research is a systematic approach used to examine phenomena key to nursing and nurses. Because nursing is a practice profession, it is important that clinical practice be based on scienti? c knowledge. Evidence generated by nursing research provides support for the whole step and cost- effectualness of nursing interventions. Thus recipients of healthcareand particularly nursing carereap bene? ts when nurses attend to research evidence and introduce alternate based on that evidence into nursing practice. The introduction of evidence-based change into the direct provision of nursing care may occur at the individual level of a particular nurse or at varied organizational or social levels. In addition to nursing research aimed at modify the direct provision of nursing and health care to recipients of nursing care, nu rsing research also is demand to generate knowledge in areas that affect nursing care processes indirectly.Research within the realms of nursing education, nursing administration, health services, characteristics of nurses, and nursing roles provides evidence for effectively changing these supporting areas of nursing knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). Today the importance of nursing research to the discipline is recognized. However, much nursing history underlies the current state of acceptance. EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research began with the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War.After Florence Nightingales work, the pattern that nursing research followed was closely related to the problems confronting nurses. For example, nursing education was the focus of more or less research studies between 1900 and 1940. As more nurses received their education Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 107 in a university setting, studies regarding stud ent characteristics and satisfactions were conducted. As more nurses taked a college education, staf? ng patterns in hospitals changed because students were not as readily easy as when more students were enrolled in hospitalaf?liated diploma programs. During this period, researchers became interested in studying nurses. Questions such as what type of person enters nursing and how are nurses perceived by other groups guided research investigations. Teaching, administration, and curriculum were studies that prevail nursing research until the 1970s. By the 1970s more doctorally prepared nurses were conducting research, and there was a shift to studies that focussed on the improvement of patient care. The 1980s brought nursing research to a new stage of development. on that point were many more quali? ed nurse researchers than ever, goodspread availability of com portioners for collection and analysis of data, and a fruition that research is a vital part of professional nursing (Po lit and Beck, 2006). Nurse researchers began conducting studies based on the naturalistic paradigm. These studies were qualitative rather than quantitative. In addition, instead of conducting many small, unrelated research studies, teams of researchers, often interdisciplinary, began conducting programs of research to build bodies of knowledge related to speci?c topics, such as urinary incontinence, decubitus ulcers, pain, and quality of life. The 1990s brought increasing concern about health care reform, and now in the twenty-? rst century, research studies focus on important health care saving issues, such as cost, quality, and overture. Research ? ndings are being used increasingly as the basis for clinical decisions. Evidencebased practice (EBP) can be de? ned as the process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as a basis for making decisions about patient care. The rise of technology and the worldwide access and ?ow of information have transform ed the decision-making processes of practitioners. Helpful informational websites for busy practitioners are listed in Box 6-1. No durable do nurses simply compare outcomes of patient care with other units in the B O X 61 Helpful Websites l f l b i National road map Clearinghouseresource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. guidelines. gov US Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Practice Guidelines www. healthquality. va. gov AHRQ Healthcare Innovations commutationinnovations and tools to improve health care www.innovations. ahrq. gov/index. aspx The Evidence-Based Medicine Education Center of Excellenceextensive list of databases, journals, and textbooks http//library. ncahec. net/ebm/pages/resources. htm U. S. National Institute for Health Consensus statements http//consensus. nih. gov Centre for Evidence-Based Nursing, based at University of YorkUnited Kingdom www. york. ac. uk/healthsciences/centres/evidence/cebn. htm The Joanna Briggs Institute, based at Ro yal Adelaide Hospital and the University of Adelaide, Australiamultiple evidence resources for practice www.joannabriggs. edu. au Cochrane Centerresource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. cochrane. org 108 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing same hospital. Nurses and other health care professionals are more likely to look for solutions, choices, and outcomes for patients that represent the best available knowledge internationally (Hamer and Collinson, 2005). RESEARCH PRIORITIES Why set priorities for research in the nursing discipline? Can nurses do research in areas that collar personal areas of interest? The answer to the second question is, yes, certainly.But nursing exists to provide high-quality nursing care to individuals in need of health-promoting, health-sustaining, and health-restoring strategies. The main outcome of research activity for a nurse is to eventually put the knowledge gained to work in health care delivery. Research priorities, often set by groups that fund research, encourage nurse researchers to invest effort and money into those areas of research likely to generate the most bene? t to recipients of care. Of course the support opportunities offered by such groups do not hurt the research enterprise either. Research costs money.Thus nurses engaged in research often match personal interests with funding opportunities that are available during the planning phase for a proposed investigation. Two major sources of funding for nursing research are the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and shade (AHRQ) (formerly known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research AHCPR and reauthorized as AHRQ by Congress in 1999). two of these organizations are funded by federal congressional appropriations. Private foundations and nursing organizations also provide funding for nursing research.National Institute of Nursing Research As part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) , the NINR supports research on the biologic and behavioral aspects of critical health problems that confront the nation. The NINRs research focus encompasses health forward motion and disease prevention, quality of life, health disparities, and end-of-life (NINR Strategic Plan 2006-2010, 2006). A small sampling of potentially back up research topics includes those aimed at ? find out disease risk and treatment through utilizing genetic information ? Determining effective health-publicity strategies for individuals, families, and communities ?Discovering approaches that encourage people to effectively take responsibility for symptom management and health promotion ? Assisting in identi? cation and effective management of symptoms related to acute and chronic disease ? Improving clinical settings in which care is provided ? Improving the quality of care giving in settings such as long-term care facilities, the home, and the community ? Understanding predisposition to disease, soci oeconomic factors that in? uence health, and cultural health practices that either protect from or expose to risk for health problems ?Improving symptom management for those at end of life The areas of research emphasis published by the NINR are useful guides for investigators developing proposals but are not considered to be prescriptive in nature. Investigators bring to bear their own unique expertise and creativity when proposing research in harmony with NINR priority research areas. Annually the NINR conducts a roundtable discussion with multiple nursing organizations to obtain the feedback of the disciplines regarding the need for continued or new research Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6109 emphases. instruction obtained is used in setting future research agendas and making decisions about funding of proposals submitted by researchers (Of? ce of Science Policy and Public Liaison, NINR, 2009). The NINR website details current announcements regarding resea rch priorities (www. ninr. nih. gov/ResearchAndFunding). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality The AHRQ broadly de? nes its mission as improving the quality, safety, ef? ciency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americans (AHRQ, 2009a). As an authority of the U. S.Department of Health and Human Services, the AHRQs health-related aims are to reduce the risk of harm by promoting delivery of the best possible health care, improve health care outcomes by encouraging the use of evidence to make informed health care decisions, transform research into practice to facilitate wider access to effective health care services, and reduce unnecessary costs (AHRQ, 2009a). Since the inception of the agency in 1989, strategic goals have centered on supporting improvements in health outcomes, strengthening measurement of health care quality indicators, and fostering access to and cost-effectiveness of health care.The 1999 reauthorizing legislation expanded the role of the agency by direc ting the AHRQ to ? better the quality of health care through scienti? c inquiry, dissemination of ? ndings, and facilitation of public access to information. ? Promote patient safety and reduce medical errors through scienti? c inquiry, building partnerships with health care providers, and establishment of centers for education and research on therapeutics (CERTs). ? Advance the use of information technology for coordinating patient care and conducting quality and outcomes research.? Establish an of? ce on priority populations to ensure that the needs of low-income groups, minorities, women, children, the elderly, and individuals with special health care needs are addressed by the agencys research efforts. The research-related activities of the AHRQ are quite varied, but a recent shift emphasizes a more deliberate translation of research evidence into practice. In a process similar to that used by the NIH, investigators are invited to submit research proposals for possible funding t hrough grant announcements.A listing of current areas of the agencys research interests can be found online at www. ahrq. gov/fund/portfolio. htm. The AHRQ actively promotes EBP, partially through the establishment of 14 EBP centers (EPCs) in the United States and Canada. EPCs conduct research on assigned clinical care topics and generate reports on the effectiveness of health care methodologies. Health care providers may then use the evidence in developing site-speci? c guidelines that direct clinical practice. AHRQ also actively maintains the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www.guidelines. gov), an website that makes available to health care professionals a wide array of clinical practice guidelines that may be considered in health care decision making. some other recent addition to AHRQs initiatives is the Healthcare Innovations Exchange (2009b), which provides a public source of information about innovations taking place in health care delivery. Submitted innovations are revi ewed for the quality of achieved outcomes, providing evidence as a foundation for decision making by others who may be searching for or considering similar innovations.Although most AHRQ activities are intended to support health care professionals and institutions, the agency supports health care recipients by innovation some information speci? cally for dissemination to the lay public (AHRQ, 2009a). 110 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing Private Foundations Federal funding is available through the NIH and the AHRQ. However, because obtaining money for research is becoming increasingly competitive, conscious foundations and private and community-based organizations should be investigated as possible funding sources.Many foundations and corporate direct-giving programs are interested in funding health care projects and research. Computer databases and guides to funding are available in local anaesthetic libraries. In addition, grant-seeking enterprises often purchase subscription s that allow computer access to enhanced listings of funding foundations that include information about the types of projects those foundations typically fund. Though subscriptions are expensive, costs are often balanced by the ef? ciency with which suitable funding prospects are identi? ed.An example of such a service is Prospect Research Online (www. iwave. com). Private foundations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2009a, 2009b) or the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (2009), offer program funding for health-related research. Investigators should be encouraged to pursue funding for small projects through local sources or private foundations until a track record is established in research design and implementation. After several years of experience in the research arena, investigators are more likely to be successful in securing funding through federal sources, such as the NIH.Nursing Organizations Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), the American Nurses Association (ANA), and the Oncology Nurses Society (ONS), are a few of the nursing organizations that fund research studies. STTI makes research grant awards to increase scienti? c knowledge related to nursing practice. STTI supports creative interdisciplinary research and places importance on identifying best practices and benchmark innovations. Awards are made at the international and local chapter levels. The ANA awards small grants through the American Nurses Foundation.Specialty nursing organizations offer grants to support research related to their specialty. For example, the ONS awards grants that focus on issues related to oncology. To summarize, multiple potential sources of funding are available for research projects. The individual or group wishing to conduct research will need to carefully develop a proposal, search for a possible funding source, and submit the proposal. Libraries and the Internet provide ample information about the many foundations and organizations interested in funding res earch endeavors.Most research institutions establish of? ces that help in the search and procurement of funding. Thus researchers are supported in their work of knowledge building. COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS The research process involves conceptualizing a research study, planning and implementing that study, and communicating the ? ndings. The process involves a logical ? ow as each step builds on the previous steps. These steps should be included in published research reports so that the reader has a basis for understanding and critiquing the study (Box 6-2). STUDY DESIGNSStudy designs are plans that tell a researcher how data are to be collected, from whom data are to be collected, and how data will be analyzed to answer speci? c research questions. Research studies are classi? ed into two basic methods quantitative and qualitative, two distinctly different approaches to conducting research. The researcher chooses the method based on the research question and the current l evel of knowledge about the phenomena and the problem to be studied. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numeric